Babbit Vs. The Hobbit :: essays research papers

Babbitt vs. The HobbitSinclair Lewis&8217 character of George Babbitt is similar to J.R.R Tolkien&8217s character of Bilbo Baggins, but they ar also very different. These two characters are alike in two different ways in mortalality and the heroic journey. However, on every other subject these two characters are extraordinarily different. The most basic of these differences being that George Babbitt is an anti-hero and Bilbo Baggins is a hero.In the beginning both(prenominal)(prenominal) characters face very much alike in the way that they are portrayed. Babbitt is shown as a well to do middle aged man enjoying an afternoon nap. He is also shown to be extremely average. Bilbo too is shown enjoying a pleasant afternoon in a very average way. Both personalities are basically the same neither will take major risks and both would rather stay at home rather than go off on some kind of &8220adventure. Both are what are considered prominent, wealthy, normal, conforming members of the ir communities. However, both Babbitt and Bilbo show inner turmoil with their need to be &8220free. Here is where the differences start to appear. The hobbit refers to something as simple as climbing a tree as an adventure. The prominent business man thinks that spending a weekend away from his wife and family is an adventure. To set forth upon an adventure of any kind a person needs to be free again, both characters define freedom in different ways. Bilbo simply needs to be away from the influence of his friends and family to find step forward what he really wants for himself and what he wants to do about it. Bilbo finds freedom when he makes the choice to follow the dwarves into the unknown. When Babbitt is finally given freedom when he is subject to go camping alone with his friends for a week he is suddenly terrified about what he is going to do with himself. Babbitt&8217s friends seem to bring out his inner-self when he is finally pulled away from home and on a train going to Maine. Once up in Maine the men put forward that they are going to &8220loaf by ourselves and smoke and cuss and be natural. In other words they are going to be free from the rules oblige on them by their wives, families and the community itself.Each character is also tested in a different way. Bilbo was tested several different times, each transaction with his loyalty and service to the dwarves.

Draculas Love Story Essay -- Essays Papers

genus genus Draculas Love Story Bram fire fighters Dracula is the title of Francis Ford Coppolas film adaptation of the classic unused Dracula. Coppola signified that the film would stay with the original plot and theme from the novel by putting the authors name in the title of the film. However, evening though he claims that his film is patterned after the novel, Coppola still could not help but put his own twist on the novel by sensualizing the story and adding a do it story in the midst of Dracula and mina. By adding a romantic subplot, Coppola makes the viewers feel sympathy for the evil Dracula when he is finally killed at the hand of his loved one. Also, the function of Mina turns from heroine in the novel to victim in the movie by having her fall in love with Dracula. Coppola changes the original story of Dracula in the film adaptation in many ways by the addition of a love story between Dracula and Mina. In the film adaptation of Dracula, the origin s of the title character are explained to provide a motive for the love obsession between the title character and his lover. In the film, Dracula is said to be the notorious prince of Romania known as Vlad the Impaler. This idea stems from a theory that Bram Stoker actually patterned the character of Dracula after a real prince of Romania named Voivode. The movie shows that after a very bloody battle in 1463 against the Turks, Prince Vlad came back to his castle in Transylvania to find that his adore Elisabeta (played by Winona Ryder) had committed suicide. Dracula says, I, Dracula, Voivode of Transylvania, will arise from my own death to avenge hers with all the powers of darkness He condemns God and makes a pact with the behemoth to become immortal by feeding on other ... ...f Draculas birth into the world of the undead lays the foundation for the love affair between Dracula and Mina. However, the love story changes the characters of Dracula and Mina drastically from the n ovel. In the film, Dracula is a character with whom the viewer sympathizes while in the novel he is feared. Minas character is strong willed in the novel while in the film she is weak and pathetic. Coppolas adaptation destroys the characterization of the novel, taking away from Stokers image for the novel. The movie, instead of being titled Bram Stokers Dracula, should have been titled Francis Ford Coppolas Dracula. Works CitedBram Stokers Dracula. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Keanu Reeves, and Sir Anthony Hopkins. Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1992. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York Penguin Books, 1993.

Cold Fusion Research Paper -- Energy Research Papers

Cold Fusion Research PaperAs the domain of a function becomes more aw atomic number 18 of the growing need for a more abundant energy supply, one energy source has been swept under the carpet and just about ignored. This source is cold alinement. Cold fusion isA reaction that occurs under certain conditions in supersaturated metal hydrides (metals with lots of hydrogen or concentrated hydrogen dissolved in them). It produces excess heat, helium, and a very low level of neutrons. In some tastes the host metal has been transmuted into other elements. Cold fusion has been seen with palladium, titanium, nickel and with some superconducting ceramics. (Infinite)In 1989 Stanley Pons and Martain Fleischmann announced to the press that they had discovered cold fusion. This announcement sent the scientific community in an uproar and the earth news media went crazy. The public saw a new source of clean energy that had very little environmental effects. The scientific community saw a paper , which was not peer reviewed, of a scientific principle go out into the public without their consent. While the concept of cold fusion is contrary to the accepted views of physics, this footling fact is not what had the community outraged. It was the way Pons and Fleischmann presented the experiment that caused problems. The accepted way of presenting research results within the scientific community is to first publish your experiment to the rest of the scientific community, have other scientist verify your results, and then only after your results have been tested and verified should you go to the press. Science often has experiments that are contrary to the current surmisal, when these experiments are observed the theory is changed to allow the results to happen and be pre... ...could all be showing the same effects without there be any merit to their clams.The theories behind cold fusion are contrary to popular theory and therefore naturally run up against great resistance. Theories on why cold fusion is observed are still being developed, but a definitive theory is yet to be reached. There is a need for a new theory because cold fusion has been observed in such a verity of experiments that the possibility of error is not probable. The overpower number of experiments that have produced an effected dubbed cold fusion forces a new theory to be considered. Until a new theory is prescribed the world give have to do without the potential energy source of cold fusion. The world is in need of a clean energy source, therefore a theory must be devised and tested that will allow cold fusion to enter the physics community as a viable

Plath’s Daddy Essay: Father and Husband as Vampires -- Plath Daddy Ess

Father and Husband as Vampires in Plaths DaddyThe poem Daddy by Sylvia Plath concludes with the typic scene of the speaker killing her vampire father. On an obvious level this represents Plaths struggle to deal with the haunting influence of her own father who died when she was a teeny-weeny girl. However, as Mary G. DeJong points out, Now that Plaths work is better known, Daddy is generally recognized as more than a confession of her personal feelings towards her father (34-35). In the scene of the poem the scenes symbolism becomes ambiguous because mixed in with descriptions of the poets father are clear references to her maintain, who left her for another woman as Daddy was being written. The business for the reader is to figure out what Plath is saying about the connection between the figures of father and husband by tying them together in her poem. A wind lies in the final image she uses, the vampire. In todays movies and books vampires are portrayed as humans who have g ained immortality and power in exchange for the need for blood and dodge of sunlight and crosses. However, Plath wrote her poem in 1962, and since then our cultures image of the vampire has changed drastically. Historically, people who were transformed into vampires were no longer the same human beings. Instead, they became fanatics who retained only the carnal appearance of their former selves. Our interpretation of the poem is affected if we assume that when Plath wrote about a vampire she had in mind the older conception of a monster which took over the body of a now dead human. With this image in mind we will tend to look for ways the duality of father and husband in the poem correspond to the vampires dual i... ...the memory of her fathers equally painful though unintentional abandonment. Despite the mixing of father and husband in the competitor of Daddy it is obvious which man Sylvia Plath is addressing with the poems last line, written during the breakup of her marriage and three months before her suicide Daddy, daddy, you bastard, Im through (80). Works Cited Cam, Heather. Daddy Sylvia Plaths Debt to Anne Sexton. the Statesn Literature 59 (1987) 429-32. DeJong, Mary G. Sylvia Plath and Sheila Ballantynes Imaginary Crimes. Studies in American Fiction 16 (1988) 27-38. Ramazani, Jahan. Daddy I Have Had to Kill You Plath, Rage, and the Modern Elegy. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 108 (1993) 1142-56. Srivastava, K.G. Plaths Daddy. The Explicator 50 (1992) 126-28.

Bad Tires Create Safety Problems :: essays papers

Bad Tires Create Safety ProblemsBad Tires Create Safety Problem for the Public Firestone produced a line of tires that film been responsible for deaths and injuries throughout the United States. The wrong(p) tires ar known to experience tread separation, which causes the tire to blow out. Evan though there is an ongoing recall, the number of accidents continues to rise. Since the recalled tires are most commonly found on Ford vehicles, there is an attempt to draw Ford into the blame. The problem at hand is that there are faulty tires on the roadways, and innocent people are dying.The Firestone tire recall is perhaps the most deadly auto safety crisis in American History. As of phratry 20, 2000 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported 103 deaths due to crashes. Also they included more than 400 injuries, and 2,226 complaints from consumers. Most of the fatalities are linked to accidents caused when 15-inch ATX and wilderness tires mounted on Ford Explorer s experienced tread separation, usually in hot weather. Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. has recalled 6.5 million of those tires, and the NHTSA has issued a consumer advisory covering an additional 1.4 million Firestone tires. On August 9 of this year, Firestone, owned by Japans Bridgestone Corporation, began recalling 6.5 million tires made up of a certain 15-inch models of its ATX and Wilderness AT tires in rejoinder to a federal probe that began in May. The majority of the recalled tires were fitted over a decade to Ford motor companys best selling bid utility vehicle, the Explorer. Firestone claims that the unique design of the 235/75R15 Wilderness AT tire, in combination with variations in the manufacturing process at its Deatur, Illinois, plant may have produced some of the problems. At the Senate hearing, Ford and Firestone again blamed each other for the problem, which has strained an automotive partnership that goes back 100 years. A Reuters Zogby poll released la st week showed that one-third out of five people surveyed in the United States blamed Firestone for the controversy, while only one in fifteen blamed Ford. Ford President Jaques Nasser said, either time Ford went to Firestone with problems that foreign customers reported, the tiremaker insisted there were no tire defects either overseas or in the United States.

Bad Tires Create Safety Problems :: essays papers

Bad Tires Create Safety ProblemsBad Tires Create Safety Problem for the worldly concern Firestone produced a line of tires that have been responsible for deaths and injuries throughout the United States. The faulty tires are known to experience tread separation, which causes the tire to blow out. Evan though in that respect is an ongoing recall, the number of accidents continues to rise. Since the recalled tires are most commonly found on Ford vehicles, there is an attempt to draw Ford into the blame. The problem at debate is that there are faulty tires on the roadways, and innocent people are dying.The Firestone tire recall is perhaps the most deadly auto safety crisis in American History. As of September 20, 2000 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported 103 deaths due to crashes. Also they included more than 400 injuries, and 2,226 complaints from consumers. nigh of the fatalities are linked to accidents caused when 15-inch ATX and state of nature tir es mounted on Ford Explorers experienced tread separation, usually in hot weather. Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. has recalled 6.5 million of those tires, and the NHTSA has issued a consumer advisory practical application an additional 1.4 million Firestone tires. On August 9 of this year, Firestone, owned by Japans Bridgestone Corporation, began recalling 6.5 million tires made up of a certain 15-inch models of its ATX and Wilderness AT tires in response to a federal probe that began in May. The majority of the recalled tires were fitted over a decade to Ford motor companys best selling sport utility vehicle, the Explorer. Firestone claims that the unique design of the 235/75R15 Wilderness AT tire, in combination with variations in the manufacturing process at its Deatur, Illinois, plant may have produced some of the problems. At the Senate hearing, Ford and Firestone again unholy each other for the problem, which has strained an automotive partnership that goes back 1 00 years. A Reuters Zogby treetop released last week showed that three out of five people surveyed in the United States blamed Firestone for the controversy, while only one in fifteen blamed Ford. Ford President Jaques Nasser said, Every time Ford went to Firestone with problems that foreign customers reported, the tiremaker insisted there were no tire defects either overseas or in the United States.

Designing a Wellness Program Essay

1.When a health promotion specialist begins the t take in of designing a wellness weapons platform the first and most important step is performing a needs assessment. An important part of the needs assessment is drawing entropy. There are devil main types of selective information. One is primary information. This is data that you obtain yourself from the population you intend to serve. Examples of primary data are administer surveys by written or electronic questionnaires, teleph angiotensin converting enzyme interviews, electronic interviews, face-to-face interviews, Delphi technique, community forums, focus groups, observation, and self assessments. This data is current and straight from the target population with specific information to answer contrivers questions. Negatives for this type of data mainly includes cost, time, manpower. All of these methods of collecting primary data fox their own unique advantages and disadvantages. How ever so, one must examine the intangib les that are associated with each method on an individual program by program basis (McKenzie, Neiger, & Thackeray, 2009).The second form of data one may obtain is termed vicarious data. This is data that has already been obtained by someone else and is readily available. Sources include governmental agencies, nongovernmental agencies and organizations, and data available in the literature. Examples of governmental source data from the CDC, FDA, and others would be count data, health and vital statistics, behavioral risk factors, and cancer statistics. Nongovernmental sources like the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and others can offer information and statistics on topics such(prenominal) as cancer, heart disease, lung disease, stroke, and many more. Data from literature sources that are peer-reviewed such as Medline and ETHXWeb can be valuable tools to help identify the needs of ones specific population. This data is generally inexpensive, easier to obtai n, usually summarized, and requires less resources to collect.The largest negative to this data is it is not specifically from the target population and therefore skill not be applicable ones target population. How the data was obtained, from whom it was obtained, and a number of other variables can change how valuable data may be for ones specific target population. Secondary data can also be a great source to help one defecate survey instruments to obtain similar data that is straight from your target population (McKenzie, Neiger, & Thackeray, 2009). 2.After working for 16 years Ive come to the conclusion that most of my colleagues and myself have fallen into two categories, overweight or obese. Unfortunately this is a statewide and a national problem. My solution is to start a walking campaign for TCC employees that allow for help fight obesity.The first step would be to perform a needs assessment to see if there is an actual obesity problem at my college. This would entail id entifying types of information that great power help me answer the question of obesity at TCC. My first action would be to contact the person in guardianship of employee health at TCC and see if there is any secondary data collected from the employees that would be useful for this endeavor or to see if anything similar has ever been attempted at TCC. I would also perform a literature search on walking programs and obesity. Another source of secondary data might include health screenings or other health information obtained from TCC employees.Of course this could be a problem in regards to Health Information Portability and Accountability cause (HIPPA). Other secondary sources that could be utilized are the Tarrant County Public Health, Texas Department of State Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Healthy People.gov. All secondary data would need to be reviewed for its usefulness and how current the information is that would be utilized. Primary data w ould allow me to collect current data from the target population. Primary data could be collected by internet surveys, mailing surveys, telephone surveys, and organizing focus groups (Fitzhugh, 2012).The next step would be how to collect the data for the assessment. My first action would to ask some colleagues for assistance. We would then break up the work of obtaining the secondary data via the internet and making some phone calls to key personnel to see what data was available. We would obtain all the data we could from the secondary data sources stated prior. In addition, with the colleges approval, I would send out at a Health risk Appraisal (HRA) survey via e-mail through the colleges mailing system. If needed, I would use the intercampus mail system to send out the HRA survey. I would also train focus groups to obtain more primary data. And most importantly I would obtain information from the leaders at TCC via surveys or interviews (Fitzhugh, 2012).The third step would be the actual collection of the data. This would take organization, effort, and time. I would first need to gain approval from my superiors at the college to get time off, obtain staff, and obtain funds to collect the data. Obtaining staff might be achieved through volunteerism. Volunteers would not only assist in collecting the data, but would aid in entering and managing data. Funds might be granted from the leaders at the college from various funding sources or even from the county or state levels (Fitzhugh, 2012).The fourth step would involve analyzing the data to indite the actual needs of the TCC employees. For my program the data would need to show that there is a weight problem and that lack of exercise is a key component part that could help address this health issue. This would involve organizing the data and comparing our population to the region, state, and even national levels. This would also include both qualitative and quantitative depth psychology of the data obtaine d where reliability and validity would be assessed (Fitzhugh, 2012).The last step would be to prioritize and validate the needs of TCC employees. We could perform this by ranking the health issues in order of importance as reported. We could establish a Basic Priority Rating (BPR) which takes into account the size of the problem, seriousness of the problem, effectiveness of possible interpellations, and lastly is the intervention doable. One additional method would be to take the data back to a focus group or advisory panel and prioritize by importance and potential for change. Through these processes we may find that there are other larger concerns for TCC employees. One could waste a lot of time, effort, and funds if a proper and thorough assessment is not completed prior to initiating a health promotion program (Fitzhugh, 2012).ReferencesFitzhugh, E. C. (2012). mms//mediasrv1.ccs.ua.edu/CCS-AO2/HHE667-2/module4/667_Video_8.wmvMcKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., & Thackeray, R. (2009 ). Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs A primer (5th ed.). San Francisco gum benjamin Cummings.

International trade theory Essay

AbstractIn this reading a number of outside(a) swop theories are beg offed to help the referee separate understand why it is beneficial for a pastoral to engage in transnational shell out, and formulates the patterns of transnational plow that is observed in the world economy. It is understood how the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin all make inviolable cases for open-ended free trade. In contrast, the mer drive outtilist doctrine and, to a lesser extent, the brand-new trade opening can be interpreted to support government discussion to promote trades through subsidies and to limit imports through tariffs and quotas.In explain the pattern of international trade, the exception of mercantile system, which is silent on this issue, the different theories offer largely complemental explanation. Although no iodin theory may explain the apparent pattern of international trade, taken together, the theory ofcomparative advantage, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the proceeds purport-cycle theory, the new trade theory, and gatekeepers theory of national warlike advantage do suggest which agentive roles are important. comparative degree advantage tells us that growthivity differences are important Heckscher-Ohlin tells us that factor endowment matter the product life-cycle theory informs the reader that where a new product is introduced is important the new trade theory inform the reader that increasing returns to specialization and rootage mover advantages matter and ostiary theory states that all these factors may be important in so far as they affect the four comp adeptnts of the national diamond.IntroductionInternational commerce is the exchange of nifty, goods, and services across international borders of territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product also k straightwayn as GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent eras. People trade because they believe that they benefit from the exchange. They may need or want the goods or services. industrialisation advanced in technology transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and out outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services growd within their borders. International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not.The main difference is that international trade is typically more(prenominal) make uply than domestic trade. The heighten of this essay is to understand the different theories in international trade. First, the discussion of m ercantilism, even though mercantilism is an old and largely discredited doctrine that method echoes remain in ultramodern political count and in the trade policies of many another(prenominal) countries. Secondly, the right-down advantage theory by fling Smith. Smiths theory was the first to explain why unrestricted free trade is beneficial to a country.Free trade refers to a piazza where a government does notattempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizen can buy from an other(a) country, or what they produce and trade in to another country. Smith argues that the invisible hand of the mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what are exports. His arguments imply that such a laissez-faire stance toward trade was in the best interests of a country. Building on Smiths field of study are 2 additional theories that we shall review. One is the theory of comparative advantage, advanced by the 19th century English economi st David Ricardo. This theory is the dexterous rear of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. As the 20th century approach, two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, who theory is known as the Heckscher- Ohlin Theory, refined Ricardos work.The Benefits of TradeThe dominant strength of the theories by these economists was that they identify with precision the specific benefits of international trade. Common sense suggests that some international trade is beneficial. For example, nobody would suggest the States produce their own oil, due to lack of resources. America could benefit from trade by exchanging some of the products it can produce at a low cost wheat for some products in cannot produce at all oil. Thus by engaging in international trade, China spend a pennys wheat and America gains oil.The theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin go beyond this common sense notion, however, to show why it is beneficial for a country to engage in internationa l trade even for products it is able to produce for itself. This is a difficult concept for people to grasp. For example many people in the United States believe that American consumers should buy products produced in the United States by American companies whenever possible to help save American jobs from foreign competition. The same kind of nationalistic sentiments can be observed in many other countries.However, the theories of the economists give an understanding that a countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home. The gains arise because international trade allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country, while tradeproducts that be produced more efficient in other countries. The economic argument is often difficult for segments of a countrys population to accept. With their future threatened by imports, American textile companies and their employees have tried to persuade the U.S. government to limit the importation of textiles by claiming quotas and tariffs.The Pattern of International TradeThe theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin also help to explain the pattern of international trade that we observe in the world economy. near aspects of the patterns are east to understand. Climate and natural resources endowments explain why certain countries export certain products. For example, Ghana exports cocoa, Brazil exports coffee, Saudi Arabia exports oil, and China exports catfish. David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage offers an explanation in terms of international differences in projection productivity. The more sophisticated Heckscher- Ohlin theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of employment (such as land, labor, and capital) are available in different countries and the proportion in which they are undeniable for producing particular goods.One wee response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to explain the observed pattern of international trade was the product life-cycle theory. Proposed by Raymond Vernon, this theory suggested that aboriginal in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were unquestionable. As a new product sprains widely accepted internationally, however, production starts in other countries. By the 1980s, Paul Krugman an economist from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) graveled the revolutionary theory of trade known as the new trade theory. New trade theory stresses that in some cases countries specialize in the production and export of particular product not because of essential differences in factor endowment, but because in certain industries the world market can support only limited number of securelysMercantilismThe main theory of mercantilism was that it was in a countrys best interests to maintain a trade surplus, t o export more than it imported. By doing so, a country would accumulate prosperous and silver and consequently, increase itsnational wealthiness and prestige. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. The mercantilists saw no virtue in large volume of trade. Rather, the recommended policies to maximize exports and minimize imports. To achieve this imports, were limited by tariffs and quotas, while exports were subsidized. Developed in the sixteenth century, mercantilism was one of the earliest efforts to develop an economic theory. This theory stated that a countrys wealth was determined by the amount of its gold and silver holdings. In its simplest sense, mercantilists believed that a country should increase its holdings of gold and silver by promoting exports and discouraging imports. In other words, if people in other countries buy more from you (exports) than they sell to you (imports) , then they have to cede you the difference in gold and silver.The objective of each country was to have a trade surplus, or a situation where the value of exports are greater than the value of imports, and to avoid a trade deficit, or a situation where the value of imports is greater than the value of exports. A scalelike look at world history from the 1500s to the late 1800s helps explain why mercantilism flourished. The 1500s marked the rise of new nation-states, whose rulers wanted to strengthen their nations by structure larger armies and national institutions. By increasing exports and trade, these rulers were able to pull together more gold and wealth for their countries. One way that many of these new nations promoted exports was to impose restrictions on imports. This strategy is called protectionism and is still used today. Nations expanded their wealth by using their colonies around the world in an effort to control more trade and amass more riches. The British coloni al empire was one of the more successful examples it sought to increase its wealth by using crude(a) materials from places ranging from what are now the Americas and India. France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain were also successful in building large colonial empires that generated extensive wealth for their governing nations.Although mercantilism is one of the oldest trade theories, it remains part of modern thinking. Countries such as Japan, China, Singapore, Taiwan, and even Germany still prefer exports and discourage imports through a form of neo-mercantilism in which the countries promote a combination of protectionist policies and restrictions and domestic-industry subsidies. Nearly every(prenominal) country, at one point or another,has implemented some form of protectionist policy to guard key industries in its economy. While export-oriented companies usually support protectionist policies that favor their industries or faithfuls, other companies and consumers are h urt by protectionism.Taxpayers pay for government subsidies of select exports in the form of higher taxes. Import restrictions lead to higher prices for consumers, who pay more for foreign-made goods or services. Free-trade advocates spotlight how free trade benefits all members of the global community, while mercantilisms protectionist policies only benefit select industries, at the get down of both consumers and other companies, within and outside of the industry. The Flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a zero-sum game. (A zero- sum game is one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another.) It was left to Adam Smith and David Ricardo to show the shortsightedness of this approach and to demonstrate that trade is a positive-sum game, or a situation in which all countries can benefit. The mercantilist doctrine is by no means dead.Absolute AdvantageIn 1776, Adam Smith questioned the leading mercantile theory of the time in The Wealth of Nations. Smith o ffered a new trade theory called absolute advantage, which focused on the ability of a country to produce a good more efficiently than another nation. Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. Smith argued that countries differ in their ability to produce goods efficiently. Smith reasoned that trade between countries shouldnt be regulated or restricted by government policy or intervention. He stated that trade should flow naturally according to market forces. Hypothetically, say two-country world, if Country A could produce a good brazener or faster (or both) than Country B, then Country A had the advantage and could focus on specializing on producing that good. Similarly, if Country B was better at producing another good, it could focus on specialization as well. By specialization, countries would generate efficiencies, because their labor force would become more skilled by doing the same tasks. Production would also become more efficient, because t here would be an incentive to create faster and better production methods to increase the specialization. The absolute advantage occurs in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producingit.According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage then trade these for goods produced by other countries. In Smiths theory reasoned that with increased efficiencies, people in both countries would benefit and trade should be encouraged. His theory stated that a nations wealth shouldnt be judged by how much gold and silver it had but rather by the spirit standards of its people. Smiths basic argument therefore, is that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a demean cost from other countries. According to Smith, by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade.Comparative AdvantageThe ch allenge to the absolute advantage theory was that some countries may be better at producing both goods and, therefore, have an advantage in many areas. In contrast, another country may not have any useful absolute advantages. To answer this challenge, David Ricardo, an English economist, introduced the theory of comparative advantage in 1817. Ricardo reasoned that even if Country A had the absolute advantage in the production of both products, specialization and trade could still occur between two countries. Comparative advantage occurs when a country cannot produce a product more efficiently than the other country however, it can produce that product better and more efficiently than it does other goods. The difference between these two theories is subtle. Comparative advantage focuses on the sex act productivity differences, whereas absolute advantage looks at the absolute productivity. Lets look at a simplified hypothetical example to illustrate the subtle difference between thes e principles. Miranda is a Wall pass lawyer who charges $500 per hour for her legal services. It turns out that Miranda can also type faster than the administrative assistants in her office, who are paid $40 per hour. tear down though Miranda clearly has the absolute advantage in both skill sets, should she do both jobs? No. For every hour Miranda decides to type instead of do legal work, she would be giving up $460 in income. Her productivity and income will be highest if she specializes in the higher-paid legal services and hires the most qualified administrative assistant, who can type fast, although a little slower than Miranda. By having both Miranda and her assistant concentrate on theirrespective tasks, their overall productivity as a squad is higher. This is comparative advantage. A person or a country will specialize in doing what they do relatively better. In reality, the world economy is more complex and consists of more than two countries and products. Barriers to trad e may exist, and goods must be transported, stored, and distributed. However, this simplistic example demonstrates the basis of the comparative advantage theory.Heckscher-Ohlin Theory (Factor Proportions Theory)The theories of Smith and Ricardo didnt help countries determine which products would give a country an advantage. Both theories assumed that free and open markets would lead countries and producers to determine which goods they could produce more efficiently. In the early 1900s, two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, focused their attention on how a country could gain comparative advantage by producing products that utilized factors that were in abundance in the country. Their theory is based on a countrys production factorsland, labor, and capital, which provide the funds for investment in plants and equipment. They determined that the cost of any factor or resource was a function of supply and demand. Factors that were in great supply relative to demand wo uld be cheaper factors in great demand relative to supply would be more expensive.Their theory, also called the factor proportions theory, stated that countries would produce and export goods that required resources or factors that were in great supply and, therefore, cheaper production factors. In contrast, countries would import goods that required resources that were in short supply, but higher demand. For example, China and India are home to cheap, large pools of labor. Hence these countries have become the optimal locations for labour-intensive industries like textiles and garments.Leontief ParadoxIn the early 1950s, Russian-born American economist Wassily W. Leontief studied the US economy closely and noted that the United States was abundant in capital and, therefore, should export more capital-intensive goods. However, his research using actual data showed the opposite the United States was importing more capital-intensive goods. According to the factorproportions theory, t he United States should have been importing labor-intensive goods, but instead it was actually exporting them. His analysis became known as the Leontief Paradox because it was the reverse of what was expected by the factor proportions theory. In sequent years, economists have noted historically at that point in time, labor in the United States was both available in steady supply and more productive than in many other countries hence it made sense to export labor-intensive goods.Over the decades, many economists have used theories and data to explain and minimize the impact of the paradox. However, for what remains clear is that international trade is a complex and has impacted numerous and often-changing factors. Trade cannot be explained neatly by one single theory, and more importantly, our understanding of international trade theories continues to evolve. Product Life Cycle TheoryRaymond Vernon, a Harvard Business School professor, developed the product life cycle theory in the 1960s. The theory, originating in the field of marketing, stated that a product life cycle has three distinct stages (1) new product, (2) the growth of the product (3)maturing product (4) the decline in the product. The theory assumed that production of the new product will occur completely in the home country of its innovation. In the 1960s this was a useful theory to explain the manufacturing success of the United States. US manufacturing was the globally dominant producer in many industries after gentlemans gentleman War II. It has also been used to describe how the personal computer (PC) went through its product cycle. The PC was a new product in the 1970s and developed into a mature product during the 1980s and 1990s.Today, the PC is in the standardized product stage, and the majority of manufacturing and production process is done in low-cost countries in Asia and Mexico. The product life cycle theory has been less able to explain current trade patterns where innovation and m anufacturing occur around the world. For example, global companies even distribute research and victimization in developing markets where passing skilled labor and facilities are usually cheaper. Even though research and development is typically associated with the first or new product stage and therefore completed in the home country, these developing or emerging-market countries, such as India and China, offer both highly skilled labor and newresearch facilities at a substantial cost advantage for global firms. worldwide Strategic Rivalry TheoryGlobal strategic competitor theory emerged in the 1980s and was based on the work of economists Paul Krugman and Kelvin Lancaster. Their theory focused on MNCs and their efforts to gain a belligerent advantage against other global firms in their industry. Firms will encounter global competition in their industries and in order to prosper, they must develop competitive advantages. The critical ways that firms can obtain a sustainable co mpetitive advantage are called the barriers to entry for that industry. The barriers to entry refer to the obstacles a new firm may face when trying to enter into an industry or new market. The barriers to entry that corporations may seek to optimize include research and development, the ownership of intellectual property rights, economies of scale, unique business processes or methods as well as extensive experience in the industry, and the control of resources or favorable access to raw materials.Porters National Competitive Advantage TheoryIn the continuing evolution of international trade theories, Michael Porter of Harvard Business School developed a new model to explain national competitive advantage in 1990. Porters theory stated that a nations competitiveness in an industry depends on the capacity of the industry to innovate and upgrade. His theory focused on explaining why some nations are more competitive in certain industries. To explain his theory, Porter identified four determinants that he linked together. The four determinants are (1) local market resources and capabilities, (2) local market demand conditions, (3) local suppliers and complementary industries, and (4) local firm characteristics. Factor Conditions). Porter recognized the value of the factor proportions theory, which considers a nations resources (e.g., natural resources and available labor) as key factors in determining what products a country will import or export. Porter added to these basic factors a new list of advanced factors, which he defined as skilled labor, investments in education, technology, and infrastructure. He perceived these advanced factors as providing a country with a sustainable competitive advantage.Demand conditions. Porter believed that a sophisticated homemarket is critical to ensuring ongoing innovation, thereby creating a sustainable competitive advantage. Companies whose domestic markets are sophisticated, trendsetting, and demanding forces continuous innovation and the development of new products and technologies. Many sources credit the demanding US consumer with forcing US software companies to continuously innovate, thus creating a sustainable competitive advantage in software products and services. colligate and Supporting industries. To remain competitive, large global firms benefit from having strong, efficient supporting and related industries to provide the inputs required by the industry. Certain industries cluster geographically, which provides efficiencies and productivity.Local firm characteristics. Local firm characteristics include firm strategy, industry structure, and industry rivalry. Local strategy affects a firms competitiveness. A healthy level of rivalry between local firms will spur innovation and competitiveness. In addition to the four determinants of the diamond, Porter also noted that government and chance play a part in the national competitiveness of industries. Governments can, by their actions and policies, increase the competitiveness of firms and occasionally entire industries. Porters theory, along with the other modern, firm-based theories, offers an interesting reading material of international trade trends. Nevertheless, they remain relatively new and minimally tested theories.Todays Dominate International Trade TheoryThe theories covered in this reading explain the evolution of the international trade theory. While they have helped economists, governments, and businesses better understand international trade and how to promote, regulate, and manage it, these theories are occasionally contradicted by real-world events. Countries dont have absolute advantages in many areas of production or services and, in fact, the factors of production arent neatly distributed between countries. Some countries have a disproportionate benefit of some factors. The United States has ample arable land that can be used for a wide paradigm of agricultural products. It also has extensive ac cess to capital. While its labor pool may not be the cheapest, it is among the best educated in the world. These advantages in the factors of production have helped the United States become the largest and richest economy in theworld.Nevertheless, the United States also imports a vast amount of goods and services, as US consumers use their wealth to purchase what they need and wantmuch of which is now manufactured in other countries that have sought to create their own comparative advantages through cheap labor, land, or production costs. As a result, its not clear that any one theory is dominant around the world. This section has sought to highlight the basics of international trade theory to enable you to understand the realities that face global businesses. In practice, governments and companies use a combination of these theories to both interpret trends and develop strategy. Just as these theories have evolved over the past five hundred years, they will continue to change and a dapt as new factors impact international trade.

Kinds Of Leadership In School Education Essay

lead is non whole down to the full stop instructor, the caput of section or, in the developroom the instructor. If it is, cipher is discovering anything at each ab verboten confidential information. The first regulation about conduct is that it is overlap. ( Brigho purpose and Woods, 199945 )Most frequently administrative spark advance is viewed as different from any sorts of jumper cable in crop. The matters might be different since most managerial functions be completed outside the give instructionrooms while instructors stellar(a) is exercised indoors the conditionroom. Nevertheless in enlighten, instructors, decisiveness makers, Learning Support Assistants ( LSAs ) , parents and educatees can completely work together towards the melioration of Distri barelyed Leadership ( DL ) . That is why Sergiovanni states that, If lead-in is a pattern dual-lane by many so it must be distributed among those who are in the right topographic point at the right clip and a mong those who have the ability. ( 2006189-190 )In this subdivision, publications go away be organised and focused round the undermenti bingled inquiriesWhat are the benefits of distributed leading in a secondary trail?To what extent is leading shared among all s study a crapholders in Sunflower School?How far can pass around leading facilitate attainment?How effectual to the disciplines bring outment and success can administer leading be?What are the benefits of distributed leading in a secondary civilise?A successful leader is classified as such, when s/he manages to affect others in the procedure of leading. Harmonizing to Sergiovanni, when principals portion leading, they acquire more than power in return ( 2006185 ) . DL besides en suitables those regard to develop their ain leading accomplishments.With DL, straitss are rejoinder to hearting their co-workers by hiking their assurance, and to do their ain lasts ( Nicholls, 2000 ) . Recently, Mifsud found that Maltese Heads practise shared decision-making to guarantee widespread ownership ( 20087 ) . Therefore all teaching- rung ( Teachers and LSAs ) pass on go more independent, while staying with the School Development Plan ( SDP ) and course of study. Sharing leading with all s concurholders involves giving clip to accomplish good consequences ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999 ) . The refined type of collegiality ( Bush, 199552 ) works its surmount, when the establishment is formed by a little(a) figure of round. Having a big figure of teaching-staff pass on certainly do DL hard. Although in our inform s context we have a big figure of staff, DL can still work since the teaching-staff is divided into small groups. Likewise, Brighouse and Woods say that, The smaller the school or learning unit, the more leading, every bit good as work, can be shared ( 199945 ) .Harmonizing to Leithwood et Al DL helps instructors to be satisfied with their work, increases their sense of professi onalism , stimulates organizational alteration , increases efficiency and encourages cross-interactions between teaching-staff ( 1999115 ) . Although, worldly and bored argue that intrusting instructors with self-autonomy and empowerment makes them friendship satisfied, motivated and confident and they are likely to give their uttermost in their phone line ( 199429 ) this nearlytimes may besides take the teaching-staff to overmaster the Principal like it happens in our school. Yet, sophisticated and Kirby ( 1992 ) found that when instructors are empowered through and through indecorum, their offices and public give wayation will acquire better. Furthermore, even when leading is shared among teaching-staff and pupils, this creates an attitude of regard between them, pieceicularly when they are so straight tough. Having a democratic leader helps derive attentive hearing from subsidiaries, which in bend will besides assist better intercourseships.When instructors work ing in democratic schools but had old experiences in other schools which have autocratic leaders were interviewed worldly and Blase ( 1994 ) concluded that instructors schoolroom liberty enable them to hold category bidding. An bossy stylus called by Brighouse and Woods north pole-north pole leading will take instructors to work to govern and nil more ( 199951 ) . In contrast holding a democratic manner called north pole-south pole where leading is shared among all stakeholders, will unlock tremendous rushs of energy and attempt among professionals ( Brighouse and Woods 199951 ) . They besides argue, that share-out leading will alleviate Heads organize some leading emphasis. Thus DL, leads to sharing of duty which will non stay a load on the Head s shoulders. Until late, harmonizing to Cauchi Cuschieri ( 2007 ) , leading in Maltese church service Secondary Schools was seen as the Head instructor s occupation. However, the manner used today is much more DL amongst stakeho lders. In our school this is non the typesetters case, since from its initiation, it was believed that DL enables sharing thoughts and duty which eventually leads to the school s betterment.Duke et Al, ( 1980 ) established, that the school is democratic one when the teaching-staff, is involved in the procedure of determination devising. Likewise, Blase and Blase argue that increase teacher entree to determination devising is indispensable to authorising instructors ( 199433 ) . Besides, Churchfields secondary school survey shows, that instructors feel the demand to take bankrupt in the school s direction as it gives better consequences in the determination devising procedure ( Bush, 1995 ) . Finally, when a determination is interpreted, it is the teaching-staff s duty to set it into action. So, being involved leads the staff to do a determination ( Bush, 1995 ) .Rivalland ( 1989 cited in Wolfendale 199257 ) presents a figure of benefits that can be achieved from parental appoin tment in schoolsThey work for a better acquisition environment since it is for their ain kid s involvement Whatever is needed to be done in school, and whatever parents are able to make, they do it and they offer themselves as human resources to the school They create the pick uping connexion between schools and pupils several places With their presence in school, they will go cognizant of what the school needs from clip to clip.Although, Wolfendale ( 1992 ) argues, that holding parents involved in the survey and preparation of school s behavior and subject indemnity will give a good consequence this may non be applicable in our school since it seems that the Parents and Teachers Association ( PTA ) tackles merely societal issues and personal concerns of parents. However, this will be investigated subsequently on in this survey.King provinces that pupils leading is largely exercised in the prefectorial system ( 1973141 ) . However, this does non look to be the lone solution f or our school, since leading is besides exercised through the pupils council. It is true that the crowning(prenominal) duty of decision-making in schools is in the custodies of the Principal. However, as Frost claims Schools can besides be enriched by pupils parts to decision-making and course of study developing ( 2008356 ) . Furthermore, when pupils are consulted in certain affairs such as finance they are taught some of the sticky lessons of democracy ( Colgate, 1976123 ) . Prefects and council members are pupils peculiarly chosen to assist in school control and determination devising. If their assignment is successful they may besides function as function theoretical accounts for other pupils ( King, 1973 ) .Contrary to all the benefits of bear on all stakeholders, one has to state that collegiality is an intense activity since it entails work after school hours. Likewise, Smylie and Denny ( 1990 ) argue that the engagement of the teaching-staff in leading may be clip devour and may hold an consequence on the pupils demands. The clip for preparation and the support allocated for these maps are non plenty, argues White ( 1992 ) . These jobs make DL more hard to win. However since all teaching-staff in our school have free periods during the twenty-four hours, this may non be a job. Adding to this, holding a big figure of participants might make jobs in communicating, even when holding a broad scope of different positions from all participants ( Bush, 1995 ) .To what extent is leading shared among all stakeholders in Sunflower School?Leadership is non a one adult male occupation, because to be successful this must be shared. Moyo writes that The construct of distributed leading is the thought of sharing leading amongst all stakeholders. These stakeholders, as stated earlier include caput instructors, in-between leaders, instructors, parents and pupils. ( 201025 ) It is non leading if a individual orders, requires, seduces, or threatens another s conformity, ( Sergiovanni, 2006192 ) . So true leading is when it is shared among all those holding the ability to be involved in it. Similarly, Brighouse and Woods emphasise that One individual may be key but leading is shared among students, instructors and other staff and members of the community ( 199948 ) .Similarly, Leithwood et Al ( 1999 ) refers to DL as a primordial component of many SDPs.Until late the Head instructor in Maltese schools was seen as the school s ultimate authorization ( Mifsud, 2008 ) . Rather than holding an bossy school, holding a democratic one entails holding a DL ( Bush, 1995 ) . With coaction, and exchange of thoughts, jobs can be solved collegially, while single qualities are developed farther ( Leithwood et al, 1999 ) . This is what Bush calls collegiality ( 199552 ) , and claims that on that point are two different types of collegiality, one is the restricted , intending that a figure from the staff are chosen to take part in the procedure of determination devising, while the other called pure is the procedure which involves everyone every bit ( Bush, 199552 ) . Teachers, LSAs, parents and pupils who are tremendously committed to kids and school life ( Brighouse and Woods, 199949 ) are stainless for take parting in DL, because they are more accessible, more sure, and their chief end is school betterment.In one of the interviews carried out in Blase and Blase s ( 1994 ) survey, a instructor describes best what a shared administration principal s attitude should be like, that is, to steer non to order. Teachers interviewed could do comparings of past and present principals. Although it s ideal to affect everyone in the procedure of determination devising, in the context of our school, there should be a individual that leads both the treatment, and assumes duty for pickings the concluding determinations, which should be the Principal or a delegate. About this, Blase and Blase province that principals are compelled to presume full duty over all school affairs ( 199478 ) . Dunford et Al besides maintain that whilst the Head will stay the leader, others will necessitate to add a leading function to their direction duties ( 20005 ) .Weick ( 1976, cited in Blase and Blase 1994135 ) claims that now schools have developed into administrations, in which decision makers and instructors work individually and independently. This does non look to be our school s state of affairs, as the stakeholders all seemed to be involved in teamwork. In contrast, Blase and Blase ( 1994 ) research presents principals under survey as being unfastened to others sentiments, collegiality and DL. When this issue of DL was introduced, most Senior Management Team ( SMT ) members were being involved. Arguing this Dunford et Al ( 2000 ) say that peculiarly holding more SMT members in a secondary school, leads to the shared duty and the constitution of different functions.Leithwood et Al ( 1999121 ) in their survey found th at instructors were most likely involved in school planning and school construction and administration while the principals leading is more focussed to direction issues. In our school this is non the instance as in school be aftering the Principal is the Chairperson. Normally, people think that teacher leading is exercised merely within the schoolroom. However, in democratic schools like ours, instructors are involved in all facets of the school, even when taking determinations. Blase and Blase besides province that, Successful shared administration principals show trust in instructors capacity for responsible for(p) engagement in both school-level and classroom-level determination devising. ( 199427 )Similarly Leithwood et al argued that there are two signifiers of teacher leading one is the formal manner for leading of category control, or an folksy one By sharing their expertness, volunteering for new undertakings and conveying new thoughts to the school assisting their c o-workers to transport out their schoolroom responsibilities, and by helping in the betterment of schoolroom pattern, ( 1999117 ) .Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) concluded that because instructors are leaders in categories they do nt wish to be followings, and so anticipate to take part more in school leading. Furthermore, they besides say that Successful Headsa are work forces and adult females with ideals and the ability to portion those ideals with those whom they lead. ( 199954 ) .Therefore, through the sharing and openness of thoughts, leading is shared and determinations taken will keep much more. However, in the context of our school, if leading is to be shared and if instructors are to work in different groups, they are to be monitored either by the Principal or adjunct principal. Furthermore Leithwood et Al, ( 2000 ) claim that the figure of people involved in DL varies harmonizing to different undertakings. Most effectual distribution of leading maps would change the Numbe rss of people supplying leading in response to the complexness of the undertakings to be performed-more in the instance of complex undertakings and fewer in response to simple undertakings ( 200758 ) .Research shows that in Malta, Practically all schools have instructors involved in one police squad or another ( LIE, 2009176 ) . The benefits of DL indicate that Maltese schools are seeking to work hard on it.Since 1980, the Education Act in England ensured parental copy on school regulating organic structures ( Wolfendale, 199262 ) . Likewise, the Maltese Education Act that was reformed in 2006 provinces that the Maltese Directo assess for Educational Services, Should advance, promote and manage the democratic administration of schools through School Councils with the active engagement of parents, instructors and pupils. ( GOM, 20067 )Therefore the PTA and Students Council were introduced in Maltese Schools so that they may take part actively in school leading and determina tion devising. As Wolfendale ( 1992 ) said, the purpose for parents engagement is to stand for other parents, to discourse commonalty involvement issues and to inform other parents of determinations taken through written handbills or school meetings. It is besides described as a forum for instructors and parents to run into and prosecute in societal and possibly fundraising activities ( Wolfendale, 199274 ) . Furthermore, research in Malta confirms that parents are so involved in policy determination devising and pattern ( LIE, 2009 ) .Parents are ever lament to take part in school leading for the benefits of their ain kids and for the schools betterment ( Wolfendale, 1992 ) . In our school, this may non be the state of affairs, since there are those who are inactive and do non take part in any activities or meetings even if it regards their ain kid s involvements. In most of the Maltese schools or colleges, merely a little per centum of parents are involved through the PTA com mission, while others get involved merely through activities organized by the school or the PTA. Some parents are called upon by the schools to offer their expertness where necessary ( LIE, 2009175 ) . However, Wolfendale ( 1992 ) notes, that sometimes instructors do non experience the benefit of parental engagement in school.Harding and Pike ( 1988 cited in Wolfendale, 199259 ) declare slipway in which parents can be straight involved in the school. This can be done throughPersonal contact with the school and staff Written communicating PTA or other parental groups within the school Their engagement in school affairs and acquisition.In contrast, in primary schools the rate of parental engagement in the PTA is juicyer than in the secondary. This most likely happens because secondary schools are much larger in figure and more instructors are involved, so the resonance between parents and instructors may non be that strong. These issues have been called by Wolfendale as troubles to put up and keep teacher-parent enterprises in secondary schools ( 199258 ) .The development of the School Development Plan was one of the chief activities where DL was exercised in Maltese schools with the purpose of including all stakeholders in planning and treatment. As the purpose was for the school s betterment and improved acquisition for all pupils, it was noticed that pupils were non included in any of the treatment. This issue was subsequently tackled foremost by a pupils school council ( LIE, 2009 ) and so by an Ekoskola commission, which takes attention of the environment ( Bezzina, 2007 ) .Since, pupils are the concluding winners of the educational establishment, they should hold infinite and chances to portion their positions and speak about their demands. Bell and Harrison ( 1998 ) province that it is of common importance for the school to work in coaction with pupils and promote them in teamwork. Likewise, Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) emphasis the importance of touch on kids in leading functions within the school, to do them more responsible and fix them for the universe of work.However, there are two types of pupil leaders and these must be clearly distinguished. There are those called toughs, who use their power to intimidate others and as a consequence push off all other pupils. The other group is called unofficial leaders ( Brighouse and Woods, 199948 ) , who some ways ever attract others. Furthermore, they may be trusted and given a figure of leading responsibilities to transport out as they are seen by instructors as capable and responsible students. To separate between these sorts of leaders, the school can organize a socio-gram trial at the beginning or at the terminal of the scholastic twelvemonth.How far can administer leading facilitate acquisition?Leithwood et Al ( 1999 ) argue that there is a challenge between leading pattern, and the research that points out ways in which leading affects pupils and their acquisition. In c ontrast, Spillane claims that What matters for instructional betterment and pupil accomplishment is non that leading is distributed, but how it is distributed ( 2005149 ) . However, Leithwood et Al ( 2006b ) maintain that after schoolroom instruction, leading is following to act upon pupils acquisition. Recently, Leithwood and Massey emphasised that Leadership is a major cause for the betterments in pupil accomplishment. ( 201079 )Principals and other SMT members are encouraged to work difficult towards making a better environment for better acquisition. This means that they are to guarantee that the school ambiance is good both for instructors to work in and for pupils to larn. This does non indicate merely to the physical environment, but besides to the distribution of leading and instructors liberty.Principals credence of trust and DL within their school means that they let the teaching-staff choose their ways and agencies of learning that is best applicable for the pupil s under their duty ( Blase and Blase, 1994 ) . This besides can be done through promoting teamwork between instructors and LSAs. Similarly, Bezzina claims that Merely by affecting all stakeholders and esteeming differences can we give birth to new thoughts ( 200686 ) and therefore make a better ambiance for better acquisition. Furthermore, Brighouse and Woods highlight that DL and coaction among all staff will ensue in raising the accomplishment of students ( 199983 ) .Christopher Bezzina conducted a instance survey in one of the Maltese Church schools, where the academic accomplishment was non so high. The school s Head, holding had experiences in different schools introduced the issue of DL for better acquisition. Teaching-staff, parents and pupils were encouraged to take part in the schools affairs and determination devising programmes. The consequence was successful concluding that choice betterment enterprises placed a great accent on the leading of the administration ( Bezzina 200823 ) . Therefore, one can reason that holding DL in a school has a great impact on acquisition.Harmonizing to Moyo, DL has an consequence on pupils larning through instructors, who are the closest leaders in contact with pupils and their acquisition But in order to accomplish this, instructors need to be involved and motivated by the leading, ( 201023 ) . Teachers holding a personal position of DL, aid kids to larn more. This is done by affecting them in leading pattern inside and outside the schoolroom. Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) note that even the type of teacher-student relationship has an influence on pupils acquisition. Furthermore, holding bossy leading manner in category does non assist in making a acquisition ambiance for pupils. The instructor with good pupil relationship encourages students to neer give up, and aim high in life for the hereafter.As stated by Blase and Blase ( 1994 ) , instructors liberty is when they are free to make up ones mind their ain ways and agencies, to transport out their work. In Malta, instructors liberty is largely linked with the schoolroom where they are free to plan their lesson programs, with their ain resources, while besides holding liberty to pupils control, which Blase and Blase ( 199473 ) name it disciplinary affairs . This sort of DL will besides act upon pupils acquisition.Besides this type of liberty in the schoolroom, new methods and techniques should be tried and encouraged. This so called invention facilitates larning for all pupils, as instruction becomes non merely one size fits all, but adapted particularly to the students demands ( Blase and Blase 199475 ) through the administration of differentiated acquisition. In school, this entails teamwork, reinforces collegiality and sharing of the resources within. For instructors to better pupils acquisition, they must foremost portion their ideals with others and so work together towards that ideal. It is the occupation of the di rection to convey those ideals together into common set of aims, ( Brighouse and Woods, 199954 ) .Parents are considered as the first pedagogues, great subscribers of all facets of acquisition, and ever interested in assisting their kids to larn better. Wolfendale ( 199260 ) argues that, parents as pedagogues, can do a important part to kids s acquisition of reading and literacy accomplishments . Furthermore, Leithwood et al argue that No affair what the pupil population, affecting parents chiefly in the instruction of their ain kids is most likely to lend to kids s acquisition ( 2006a102 ) .The survey by HMI ( Her Majesty s Inspectors ) showed that Parents engagement in schools, lead to pupils success ( 1991, cited in Wolfendale, 199256 ) . It s interesting to analyze ways in which parents can assist both instructors and pupils in relation to acquisition. However, one must besides take note of the relationship that exists between parents and instructors and non do any occupat ion tampering.Normally, we merely think of academic consequences when it comes to pupils acquisition. However, research shows that through their engagement in leading, pupils gain more cognition and get new accomplishments. These accomplishments are needed for their hereafter in society. Frost claims that pupils engagement in leading besides helps them get other non-academic accomplishments greater self-pride, heightened assurance, interpersonal and political accomplishments, and self-efficacy when pupils have chances to exert duty ( 2008356 ) .When given certain leading functions, pupils set their ain label for larning through that experience ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999 ) , which might besides be of aid to other pupils. Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) argue that a instructor can give duty to pupils to assist those in demand in a certain affair. Through each other s support, those that have less academic abilities will accomplish and larn more. Research shows that students have s o much to state about their acquisition, and as such they should be consulted for the benefit of their acquisition, and the methodological analysis used by instructors in category ( Morgan, 2011 ) .How effectual to the schools betterment and success can administer leading be?Fink sees schools as populating systems where Leadership is distributed across the assorted cells that affect a school such as pupils, instructors, parents, brotherhoods, societal services, County Hall, and local communities . ( 201044 )Bezzina s survey carried out in a Maltese Church School revealed, that when instructors were involved in DL the bulk of staff felt responsible for finding the manner forward ( 200824 ) . He so concluded that school betterment and success can be achieved, with difficult work, forfeit and committedness expressed by the Head instructor, the senior leading squad, students, parents and instructors, ( Bezzina, 200826 ) . LIE maintains that when a policy s determination devising procedure involves all stakeholders in a school including, SMT, instructors, pupils and parents Then the values which are held beloved by the school will be on the route to success because they would hold been owned by all ( 2009176 )Brighouse and Woods ( 199945 ) confirm that research done in the past and once more recently by OFSTED shows that, leading in schools is the cardinal factor in betterment and success . They besides argue that, A cardinal ingredient to school success is the extent to which the values of school life are shared among all the members of the community, ( Brighouse and Woods, 199955 )Harmonizing to Telford ( 1995 ) coaction between all stakeholders within a school brings about school betterment. She argues that the following points which lead to school betterment impact both the persons within the school and the establishment itself Development of the educational potency of pupils, professional development of instructors, good organisational wellness, institutionalization of vision ( Telford, 1995, cited in Bell and Harrison 199814 ) .It is interesting to observe that it is much easier for principals to command ends instead than worlds. To derive control for the achievement of a end, leading must be shared ( Sergiovanni, 2006 ) . Little ( 1981, cited in Sergiovanni, 2006186 ) found that when principals work through collegiality with instructors, the school will better. It is of importance to touch the principal and instructors sentiments in a treatment, since no 1 should be preferred to the others as everyone is sharing from his/her ain cognition, for the school s best involvement ( Blase and Blase, 1994 ) . Similarly, Nicholls ( 2000 ) argue that leading is best carried out when a figure of people holding the same values and purposes challenge each other for acquiring better consequences. In other words, one can state that school leading is best fulfilled when all those involved in the establishment, portion their ideas with out being considered as superior to one another. Therefore, including group activity liberates leading and provides the model we need for widespread engagement in bettering schools ( Sergiovanni, 2006186 ) .In successful schools, when a argument crops up on school betterment, the staff should work on Involving students, parents and governors ( Brighouse and Woods, 199983 ) . Likewise, Davies and Davies ( 2010 ) besides claim that it is important to affect others in school leading as it leads to school betterment and success. Furthermore, they say that Prosecuting all the staff in treatments about where the school is, where it needs to travel and therefore the accomplishments and cognition we need to larn to accomplish improvement is a uniting factor. ( Davies and Davies, 201015 )Shared leading might convey about alterations which are required for school betterment to take topographic point. The best alteration is normally one generated from something or person within the schoo l because it Recharges energy in participants and embraces the greatest likeliness of betterment in instruction and acquisition manners, merely because it is so localized, ( Brighouse and Woods, 199960 ) .Changes for school betterment are gained faster, when instructors are involved in the procedure of determination devising ( Bush, 1995 ) . Furthermore, Brighouse and Woods, ( 1999 ) argue that when alteration for school betterment is required, clip has to be allocated in the school s journal, since the staff needs clip to work on the execution procedure. In their survey Leithwood et Al concluded that instructors consider their engagement in leading, as a measure for the school to be more effectual and advanced ( 1999121 ) . Furthermore, when instructors are involved in the determination devising they are less likely to hold inauspicious reactions to principals outlooks.Harmonizing to Dunford et Al ( 2000 ) when the determination doing process involves those who are closest to its impact it gives a exacting attitude towards school betterment. In add-on, they say that if secondary schools want to be effectual, leading must be shared at least among senior staff. Furthermore, Sergiovanni ( 2006 ) emphasises that in schools where power is shared among principals, instructors, parents and others, work is done autonomously towards schools purposes for school betterment. Likewise, Nicholls ( 2000 ) claims, that a shared vision is indispensable for school betterment.Trusting instructors through authorization may take principals to accomplish their coveted ends without enforcing them. Building trust is critical to authorising instructors, ( Blase and Blase, 199429 ) . They besides claim that this shows that the principal demonstrated great religion in them and cute them as experts and professionals, ( Blase and Blase, 199477 ) . Teachers involved in different leading functions are expected to work for the betterment of the decision-making procedure ( Leithwo od et al, 1999 ) . This collegial procedure of affecting others in the determination devising procedure is exercised through treatment and shared power in the establishment. In a collegial, collaborative environment, principals systematically concentrate on enabling others to analyze and redesign schools for improved acquisition, and instructors learn to portion power and work as a squad. ( Blase and Blase, 199433 )Leithwood et Al ( 2007 ) concluded that when DL is implemented and when chances are offered, staff will be much more motivated to work towards school betterment.From their research Leithwood et al established that Informal leaders had more involvement with making high-performance outlooks and actuating others than formal school leaders, while formal leaders had more to make with identifying and jointing a vision. ( 200757 )With informal leaders we can include both parents and students. When pupils are at place most of them speak about their school experience with their siblings and through this parents get to cognize their ideas and feelings. Hence, parents might be another nexus between schools and kids. Parental engagement in schools may convey about alterations which will eventually take to school betterment. Similarly, Wolfendale argues that, parental sentiment can be mobilized to convey about important alterations ( 199263 ) .Decision School s success lies in the accomplishments and attitudes of the professional staff, non only if within the leading capablenesss of the principal. ( Blase and Blase, 199428 )Therefore DL is needed for growing and development because the Principal sometimes is in demand of other staff members to work out certain jobs. Harmonizing to Bezzina, DL calls for an extension of that power vertically downwards to affect all members of staff, ( 2000305 ) . Furthermore, the concluding consequence of school success is a occupation that belongs to all stakeholders involved and non merely a Principal s occupation. This is the purpose of this survey to look into the DL system in Sunflower school and eventually happen some recommendations to how it can be improved. As Mifsud suggests There could be infinite for more leading functions within the school and more enterprises by different stakeholders can be taken up, therefore widening the range for leading distribution. ( 20088 )Therefore through sharing leading with all stakeholders in the establishment both school and acquisition will be enriched.

The Railroads Role in the Settling of the West

One of the largest contributing factors in the settling of the American West was the intent of the transcontinental squeeze. Development was a slow process in such(prenominal) of the west, due in large part to how keen-sighted the journey took. The completion of the stun make it both a faster and much safer way to travel across the country. In 1862, the Pacific Railroad Act was signed. It promised federal support to trope the first transcontinental railroad. Two companies were chosen to take on this enormous project, they were awarded generous land grants and were given millions of dollars in g all overnment loans so that they could complete the project.The promote union Pacific Railroad started laying tracks heading west from Iowa, while the Central Pacific Railroad was laying tracks heading east from California. The two sets of tracks finally incorpo trampd together in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869, creating the first transcontinental railroad. Before the completion of t he railroad travel to the west was primarily done by horseback or wagon train. This type of travel took several months to complete and was a very strenuous and dangerous journey, especially when travelling by dint of Indian country.After completion of the railroad the same slip of paper was reduced to a weeks time, while making it a far less dangerous trip especially for the women and children. Passengers were turnedered free trips, along with long term loans from the railroad companies. This was all done in an effort to attract Americans to the newly developing west. Railroad caller- away executives no longer viewed the Great Plains which covered much of the American West as the inhabitable Great American Desert as it had once been described.The spacious native grasslands that are so predominant in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas that was once thought of as unlivable tracts of land due to the lack of trees to supply lumber that was required for create home s. There was now an opportunity to ship lumber and building materials into those playing fields by train, and homes could be reinforced on land that was once considered inhabitable. These native grasslands lands were in like manner considered to be an ideal place for raising cattle. There were already an estimated five million head of longhorn cattle on ranches in Texas.When railroad tracks reached Missouri, these ranchers started organizing long cattle drives. Cowboys would drive the cattle from Texas to Missouri, where it was then loaded into rail cars to be shipped all over the country. As new tracks were being laid, new towns were being build in the areas that the tracks ran through. Within a few years, Abiline, Witchita, and Dodge City all sprang up in Kansas. These towns were all established due to the cattle trade that was created from the railroads, and thrived off of the business provided by the cowboys and the railroad employees.So in conclusion, a few of the railroads contributions to the settlement of the American West. Before the railroad, travel to the west was done on horseback, it took months of traveling over dangerous terrain. After the railroad, travel to the by rail was done in a weeks time on the safety of a train. quality and building supplies were now able to be shipped to the Great Plains, a place once thought inhabitable due to the lack of trees that were needed for building homes. Lastly, the railroad allowed the long cattle drives to take place that were responsible for building many towns where the railroad passed thru.There were other contributions that contributed to the settlement of the Great West but I swear these are some of the close to significant. Why the AFL Prevailed Over the Knights of Labor One of the main reasons that the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was able to prevail over the Knights of ride was due to the fact that they understood the need for power. This power was achieved by a couple of different way s, they limited their membership to technical workers, and they did not engage in politics. Their goals were simple, above everything else, the union was there to protect the workers rights.The AFL was the national labor union for skilled workers, and they restricted their membership to skilled workers, most of whom were in the craft trade. With all of their members being skilled workers, it gave them solidarity, and meant that all of the members were interested in achieving the same goals. Unlike the Knights of Labor, who would allow membership to all wage earners except lawyers and potho physical exercise keepers. This made their membership to widespread, a result of this meant that not all the Knights members were interested in the same objectives.One of the reasons the AFL gained an advantage over the Knights was because of the AFLs member restrictions. Samuel Gompers was appointed chairman of the AFL in December of 1886. Gompers realized the importance of keeping things simp le. He understood that what was most important to the majority of workers was higher wages and better working conditions. Gompers made sure that the unions first priority was to protect the rights of the workers. 1 His refusal to let the AFL delve into the political arena allowed them to maintain the support of both the government, and the public.One tactical maneuver that was use by unions were boycotts, these were able to take place because of the publics support for the workers issues. Unions would hold town meetings explaining the workers grievances with their employers, the public would show their support by refusing to deprave products that were produced by the company being boycotted. Of course the most popular tactic used by the union was the strike. Employees would refuse to work and form a scout line if the union was unable to reach a collective bargaining agreement with the employer.Thousands of strikes occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. The large and growi ng size of the AFL was used to support these strikes. Unions only won about half of these strikes, but their demands were either partially or fully met in many cases. The AFL was the dominant national labor union in the United States, until the Great Depression. 2 In conclusion, the AFL was able to prevail over the Knights of labor because of the power and solidarity they gained by limiting their membership to skilled workers.By realizing that most workers goals were simple ones that included better pay, and working conditions. Also because of public support that allowed them to conduct boycotts and strikes that would better the lives of the workers that were members. The Significance of technological innovation in expression American Cities American cities were significantly affected by technological advances in the later part of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. These advances were major contributors to the development of the groundbreaking city that we see in America and throughout the world.They were a crucial part in allowing cities to be able to grow and support the millions of people that remain in them. Generating technology made it possible to use galvanisingity for improvements in the city. In 1878 the electric arc lamp was first used in Wanamakers plane section store in Philadelphia. This form of electricity was then used to power city lights, and later, elevators, trolley cars, and subways. Trolley cars were the first forms public transit used in cities that was powered by electricity. Trolleys ran on trade name tracks and were powered by an electrical cable that ran above them.This however was not a viable mode of menu in some of the larger more populated cities. Railroads had been the principal mode of transportation for the past few decades, but were of little use for transporting people through a crowded city. That is, until 1879, when the creation of the first elevated railroad or els took place in New York. Cit ies were in addition constructing rail systems that ran underground. Boston was the first to use this transportation method, but in 1904, New York completed construction of the first subway system that ran under the entire length of Manhattan.Subways used the same electric technology that was used for trolleys, but they turned public, or mass transit into a much more rapid form of transportation. New innovations in the marque and icing industries allowed architects to change their way of thinking in regard to building design. Instead of using just wood or brick for the outside walls that would bear much of the buildings weight, they were now using steel girders. These girders would be used to build a shell that supported the buildings weight, and the rest of the building was built around them with brick and plate glass windows and other building material.This new building design allowed the construction to reach much higher into the sky. The first building using this new design w as built in Chicago in 1885, the ten story Home Insurance Building. Later New York, which was heavy in population but low on available real estate built the fifty-five story Woolworth Building that was completed in 1913. 3 In conclusion, technological innovations significantly affected the building of American cities. Generated technology allowed the use electricity to power our lights, elevators, and subways.Creative thinking in the way that we used the railroads spurned the first subway system. While advances in the steel and glass industries gave architects the opportunity to design the skyscrapers that dot the skyline of American cities. free people Silver and the 1896 Election Free cash was a very heated field during the Presidential election in 1896, due to the economic crisis that the country was in. Because of the governments shrinking gold reserves it was proposed that silvery be used at an exchange rate of sixteen ounces of silver, equaling one ounce of gold.Free silver was the term being used for this concept. It was widely thought, especially among Democrats, that this influx of silver would help to propel the country out of the depression and economic despair of the last three years. Farmers were going bankrupt, thousands of Americans were unemployed, and the economy did not appear to be getting better unless changes were made. These are the issues that brought free silver to the forefront of politics. This issue gained much of its support from the wheat and grain farmers in the Midwest and by the cotton farmers from the South.These farmers were being hurt financially due to fall prices for their crops. The economy in the United States was in need of dire repair and many people saw silver as the economic boost that was needed. Free silver had become the most debated topic leading up to the Presidential election. Democrats wanted to go back to a bimetallic policy for the United States treasury Department. They believed that this was the only s olution to end the economic crisis that the country had been in for the last three years.This was not the first time that silver was a heated topic, this had been an area of debate since it was dropped as a medium of exchange at the treasury in 1873. Democrats had become the party of free silver, but the parties were becoming divided establish upon whether members were in support of gold or in support of silver. Free silver however was not just getting support from the Democrats, many Republicans were also in support of silver, and both Democrats and Republicans were switching parties over this debate. Populists, who were also in strong support of the silver were essentially turned into Democrats.This had become one of the most heavily debated subjects in the later part of the nineteenth century and it made the election of 1896 one of the most hard fought campaigns in nearly since 1860. 4 In conclusion, free silver had become such a hot topic during the election of 1886 due to the e conomic crisis the country was in. Many people believed that free silver was the solution that would give the economy the boost that it needed. Lastly, the silver debate was such a hot topic that it caused both Democrats and Republicans to jump parties over the issue.

Creative Writing Essay

Specific poetical shits have been developed by many cultures. In more developed, closed or received poetic airs, the rhyming scheme, meter and other elements of a numbers ar found on sets of rules, ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an elegy to the highly formalized structure of the ghazal or villanelle. Described below are some common forms of poem widely office across a human activity of languages. Additional forms of meter may be found in the discussions of poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the glossary.SonnetAmong the most common forms of poetry by means of the ages is the sonnet, which by the 13th century was a verse form of fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure. By the 14th century, the form further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were later translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature. A sonnets first four lines typically introduce the topic. A sonnet usually follows an a-b-a-b rhyme pattern. The sonnets conventions have changed over its hi reputation, and so there are several different sonnet forms.Traditionally, in sonnets English poets use iambic pentameter, the Spenserian and Shakespearean sonnets being especially famous. In the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters, though the Petrarchan sonnet has been used in Italy since the 14th century. Sonnets are particularly associated with love poetry, and often use a poetic diction heavily based on vivid imagery, exclusively the twists and turns associated with the move from octave to sestet and to final couplet make them a useful and moral force form for many subjects. Shakespeares sonnets are among the most famous in English poetry, with 20 being allowd in the Oxford Book of English Verse.Shi (poetry)Shi (traditional Chinese simplified Chinese pinyin sh Wade-Gil es shih) Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry.Within this form of poetry the most important variations are folk song styled verse (yuefu), obsolete style verse (gushi), modern style verse (jintishi). In all cases, rhyming is obligatory. The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem create verbally in the folk ballad style, and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular. For the other variations of shi poetry, generally either a four line (quatrain, or jueju) or else an cardinal line poem is normal either way with the even numbered lines rhyming. The line length is scanned by according number of characters (according to the convention that i character equals one syllable), and are predominantly either quint or seven characters long, with a caesura before the final three syllables.The lines are generally end-stopped, considered as a series of couplets, and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device. The old style verse (gushi) is less formally stric t than the jintishi, or correct verse, which, despite the name new style verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back to Shen Yue, in the 5th or 6th century, although not considered to have reached its full development until the beat of Chen Ziang (661-702) A good example of a poet known for his gushi poems is Li Bai.Among its other rules, the jintishi rules rank the tonal variations within a poem, including the use of set patterns of the four tones of Middle Chinese The basic form of jintishi (lushi) has eight lines in four couplets, with parallelism among the lines in the second and third couplets. The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship amidst words. Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction, full of allusion, and can have a wide range of subject, including history and politics. One of the masters of the form was Du Fu, who wrote during the Tang Dynasty (8th century).VillanelleThe villanelle is a nin eteen-line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain the poem is characterized by having two refrains, initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza, and thus alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain, which is concluded by the two refrains. The remaining lines of the poem have an a-b alternating rhyme.The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden,and Elizabeth Bishop.TankaTanka is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, with five sections totalling 31 onji (phonological units identical to morae), structured in a 5-7-5 77 pattern.There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5-7-5 phrase and the lower 7-7 phrase. Tanka were write as early as the Nara period by such poets as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form. Tanka was ori ginally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry, and was used more heavily to assist mortalal rather than public themes. By the 13th century, tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry, and it is still widely written today.HaikuHaiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku, or opening verse of a renku. Generally written in a single erect line, the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji, structured in a 5-7-5 pattern. Traditionally, haiku contain a kireji, or cutting word, usually placed at the end of one of the poems three sections, and a kigo, or season-word. The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo Bash (16441694). An example of his writingfuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyagethe distort of Mt. FujiIve brought on my fana gift from EdoOdeOdes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek, such as Pindar, and Latin, such as Horace. Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures tha t were influenced by the Greeks and Latins.The ode generally has three parts a strophe, an antistrophe, and an epode. The antistrophes of the ode possess equivalent metrical structures and, depending on the tradition, similar rhyme structures. In contrast, the epode is written with a different scheme and structure. Odes have a formal poetic diction, and generally deal with a serious subject.The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different, often conflicting, perspectives, with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues. Odes are often intend to be recited or sung by two choruses (or individuals), with the first reciting the strophe, the second the antistrophe, and both together the epode.Over time, differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure, but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode. One non-Western form which resembles the ode is the qasida in Pe rsian poetry.GhazalThe ghazal (also ghazel, gazel, gazal, or gozol) is a form of poetry common in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Urdu and Bengali poetry. In classic form, the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a refrain at the end of the second line. This refrain may be of one or several syllables, and is preceded by a rhyme. Each line has an identical meter. The ghazal often consults on a theme of unattainable love or divinity. As with other forms with a long history in many languages, many variations have been developed, including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in Urdu. Ghazals have a classical affinity with Sufism, and a number of major Sufi religious kit and boodle are written in ghazal form. The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect, which complements Sufi mystical themes well. Among the masters of the form is Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet who lived in Konya, in present-day Turkey.Genre sIn addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in calls of different musical styles and subgenres. A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics. Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature. Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works.Narrative poetryNarrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story. Broadly it subsumes epic poetry, but the term narrative poetry is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to human interest. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. some(prenominal) scholars of Homer have concluded that his Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes. Much narrative poetrysuch as Scottish and English ballads, and Baltic and Slavic heroic poemsis performance poetry with roo ts in a preliterate oral tradition. It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose, such as meter, head rhyme and kennings, once served as memory aids for bards who recited traditional tales. illustrious narrative poets have included Ovid, Dante, Juan Ruiz, Chaucer, William Langland, Lus de Cames, Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Fernando de Rojas, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Pushkin, Edgar Allan Poe and Alfred Tennyson. big poetryEpic poetry is a genre of poetry, and a major form of narrative literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons. Examples of epic poems are Homers Iliad and Odyssey, Virgils Aeneid, the Nibelungenlied, Lus de Cames Os Lusadas, the Cantar de Mio Cid, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Mahabharata, Valmikis Ramayana, Ferdowsis S hahnama, Nizami (or Nezami)s Khamse (Five Books), and the Epic of King Gesar. While the composition of epic poetry, and of long poems generally, became less common in the west after the early 20th century, some notable epics have continued to be written. Derek Walcott won a Nobel prize to a great extent on the basis of his epic, Omeros.Verse drama and dramatic verse, planetary house of ancient Greece, Sanskrit drama, Chinese Opera, and Noh Dramatic poetry is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung, and appears in varying, sometimes related forms in many cultures. Greek tragedy in verse dates to the 6th century B.C., and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama, just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the bianwen verse dramas in China, forerunners of Chinese Opera.East Asian verse dramas also include Japanese Noh. Examples of dramatic poetry in Persian literature include Nizamis two famous dramatic works, Layla and Majnun and Khosrow and Shirin, Ferdowsis tragedies such as Rostam and Sohrab, Rumis Masnavi, Gorganis tragedy of Vis and Ramin, and Vahshis tragedy of Farhad.Satirical PoetryPoetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire. The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry, often written for political purposes. A notable example is the Roman poet Juvenals satires.128 The same is true of the English satirical tradition. John Dryden (a Tory), the first Poet Laureate, produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe, subtitled A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T.S. (a reference to Thomas Shadwell).Another master of 17th-century English satirical poetry was John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester.Satirical poets outside England include Polands Ignacy Krasicki, Azerbaijans Sabir and Portugals Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage.Lyric poetryLyric poetry is a genre that, unlike epic and dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting characters and actions, it portrays the poets own feelings, states of mind, and perceptions.Notable poets in this genre include John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Antonio Machado.ElegyAn elegy is a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a lament for the pulseless or a funeral song. The term elegy, which originally denoted a type of poetic meter (elegiac meter), commonly describes a poem of mourning. An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious. The elegy, as a reflection on a death, on a sorrow more generally, or on something mysterious, may be classified as a form of lyric poetry. Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included Propertius, Jorge Manrique, Jan Kochanowski, Chidiock Tichborne, Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, John Milton, Thomas Gray, Charlotte food turner Smith, William Cullen Bryant, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Evgeny Baratynsky, Al fred Tennyson, Walt Whitman, Louis Gallet, Antonio Machado, Juan Ramn Jimnez, William Butler Yeats, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Virginia Woolf.FableThe fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson (a moral). Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns. Notable verse fabulists have included Aesop, Vishnu Sarma, Phaedrus, Marie de France, Robert Henryson, Biernat of Lublin, Jean de La Fontaine, Ignacy Krasicki, Flix Mara de Samaniego, Toms de Iriarte, Ivan Krylov and Ambrose Bierce.Prose poetryProse poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story (a.k.a. the short short story, flash fiction). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-ce ntury France, where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stphane Mallarm.Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as The Prose Poem An International Journal,Contemporary Haibun Onlinedevoted to that genre. bad poetrySpeculative poetry, also known as fantastic poetry, (of which weird or macabre poetry is a major subclassification), is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are beyond reality, whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction. much(prenominal) poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines. Edgar Allan Poe is sometimes seen as the father of speculative poetry.