Kant on the Nature of Genius

Kant was an 18th century German philosopher whose work initiated dramatic changes in the fields of epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, and teleology. Like many Enlightenment thinkers, he held our mental faculty of reason invests the world we experience with structure. In his works on aesthetics and teleology, he argued that it is our faculty of judgment that enables us to have experience of beauty and grasp those experiences as part of an ordered, natural world with purpose.In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, genius is the ability to independently arrive at and understand concepts that would normally have to be taught by another person. An essential character of â€Å"genius† for Kant is originality, or a talent for producing ideas which can be described as non-imitative. In the Critique of Judgment (1790) Kant defines genius as an artist capable of articulating truths or understanding in an imaginative, and uniquely creative way [1]. The articulation of the truths or understanding involves both a judgment by a viewer and the methodology by which it is created, and that specific criteria for both must be present for the designation of â€Å"genius†.   Kant assumes that the cognition involved in judging art is similar to the cognition involved in judging natural beauty.Thus, while two objects may have aesthetic beauty but the way they are created imparts the object with â€Å"soul†.   Kant argues that art can be tasteful (that is, agree with aesthetic judgment) and yet be ‘soulless' – lacking that certain something that would make it more than just an artificial version of a beautiful natural object.   He further claims that what provides soul in fine art is an aesthetic idea that unlike rational ideas can’t be adequately exhibited sensibly.A genius generates aesthetic ideas, exhibits them tastefully, in a way that is universal and capable of being shared. While observing the work of art the viewer should experience the same state of mind the artist had while creating it.â€Å"The power of communicating one’s state of mind, even though only in respect of the cognitive faculties, carries a pleasure with it, as we can easily show from the natural propension of man towards sociability (empirical and psychological). But this is not enough for our design. The pleasure that we feel is, in a judgement of taste, necessarily imputed by us to every one else; as if, when we call a thing beautiful, it is to be regarded as a characteristic of the object which is determined in it according to concepts; though beauty, without a reference to the feeling of the subject, is nothing by itself.† (Kant Section 9, pp 1)One analogy that has been made is that to make a chair, one must know, in advance what a chair is, and create it with the intention of creating it.   In this respect Kant assumes that the creation of art is an exercise of will.   This is a convenient definition because it allows him to also distinguish art from nature because he assumes there is no prior notion or will behind the activity nature. This leads to a dilemma in whether one can call some forms of modern art a reflection of genius, if those works are created randomly, or allowed to self shape based on the physical properties of matter such as glass or ceramics.Another dilemma it raises stems from our definition of who has will or intention. For humans it is clear that the intention to express a thought or feeling through the creation of a physical art is an act of will, but do other animals have will is a matter of metaphysics rather than philosophy. According to Kant’s definition it would be difficult to know for sure if art painted by cats [2] or other non-mammals [3] would qualify, since for Kant non humans are part of the natural world and not endowed with will. Yet, as all of us know who own pets, animals have both distinct personalities and wills.For Kant, art also means somet hing different from science, since it is a skill or practical ability that is more than just an understanding of awareness of something.   He also distinguishes from a labor or craft which has a vested interest or purpose in having the product itself. This also limits who can be a genius since any art that has a function separate from the function of being observed and understood for the idea it expresses, must not be real art, and its creator not a genius but a craftsman. This definition seems anachronistic since in many fine art museum there are displayed fragments of pottery or metalwork that are considered art today yet when they were produced, were produced by craftsman so that they could be used by ordinary people who were not concerned with the deeper meaning of what that plate may have represented.It would seem that the ability of the craftsman to mix metals or use new firing techniques to achieve a texture or impression of strength not found when traditional materials wer e used is expressing a form of genius. His idea was to create an object, regardless of its popular usage, that was different from the ones before that, when viewed by the recipient or purchaser gave them the impression that this new object, such as a sword, was better, stronger, more reliable or more facile. Thus according to Kan’s first definition of art, the expression of a concept by exercise of will is fulfilled. It would seem then that the use of the object later has no relevance on whether or not the object is art, and as a consequence no bearing on whether its producer is a genius.Kant spends much effort to categories arts into mechanical and aesthetic, agreeable and fine art. What it is defines the state of mind of the creator when producing it, and therefore creates the criteria of whether the final product actually reflects the thought or will of the person creating it.   Kant introduces yet another rule to this confusing definition by stating that it should not b e obvious (which would be in poor taste) what the intentions actually were.   Thus it would seem that for an art to be truly genius it should convey a message of concept, somewhat unclearly so that no one is 100% sure what the creator’s intentions were.   Thus the less obvious a message (though no message is also bad) the more likely the creator is to be a genius.According to Kant genius is the talent (natural endowment) that makes it possible to produce art which is an object that has no predefined definite rules or concepts for producing or judging it in a way that satisfies aesthetic judgment that is more than a functional object, or a representation of something natural. To make things art must have elements of originality for it to be a characteristic of genius. This means also that fine art properly is never an imitation of previous art or nature, though it may ‘follow' or be ‘inspired by' previous art and nature. To be radically original is difficult, b ecause all human production is in some form an imitation or a trained action through other artistic influences, schools, and culture.Kant's approach to art emphasizes our interest in it rather than the artwork in itself. The artwork is beautiful insofar as it instigates an intellectual activity termed reflective judgment. For Kant, the viewing of art rouses us to an intellectual involvement with the world in which the very sense of order by which the whole world can be articulated as a whole and be kept in balance is brought to light.   Reflective judgment does not determine whether something exists or not. It also does not determine what specific qualities a particular object might actually possess. Such judgments are cognitive and belong to the field of science. Reflective judgment judges whether something is beautiful. Beauty is never experienced as a determinate thing. We do not experience beauty directly, although it is always implicated in our experiences of the world. Beaut y is a feeling induced by our sense of an ordering, a valuing, at work in the world that lies beyond any explicit demonstration.   The ability of the artist to generate such thought in the observer is thus deemed genius.There is a dilemma with this point of view, since what generates such thoughts for an individual is that individual’s experience. So one is left to wonder is the genius in the artist who created an object that could elicit that experience, or is it in the observer who is open to allowing that experience to occur in themselves? Thus if I look at a painting such as American Cubist Stuart Davis (1894-1964), Report from Rockport, 1940, and feel no understanding or connection, is it my lack of genius or his? If I feel a negative response is that a sufficient criteria of genius?Kant indirectly makes the artificial requirement that for something to reflect genius, it must be liked by the observer, not disliked. This is evident in his effort to define taste as invol ving the judgment that a thing is beautiful. Taste is a subjective judgment in which an object is referred by our imagination to our subjective selves, to the feeling of pleasure or displeasure that the object arouses in us. The representation of the object rather than the object itself is what is at issue in this judgment–not the building itself but its manner of being formed would be the matter of an aesthetic judgment. Though perception is always colored by experience, and is necessarily subjective, it is commonly taken that that which is not aesthetically satisfying in some fashion cannot be art. However, â€Å"good† art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers.In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons. For example, Francisco Goya's painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3rd of May 180 8, is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and his fitting social and political outrage.Kant defines several aspects that lead to the formation of an individual’s taste. The first is quality which is supposed to be an objective evaluation of the object being considered. This means that a science of art appreciation has to be developed to define good from bad art in a way that is agreeable to everyone since it follows some pre-set rules, as w ell as generating a psychologically positive impact.â€Å"†¦ when [a man] puts a thing on a pedestal and calls it beautiful, he demands the same delight from others. He judges not merely for himself, but for all men, and then speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things. Thus he says that the thing is beautiful; and it is not as if he counts on others agreeing with him in his judgment of liking owing to his having found them in such agreement on a number of occasions, but he demands this agreement of them. He blames them if they judge differently, and denies them taste, which he still requires of them as something they ought to have; and to this extent it is not open to men to say: Every one has his own taste. This would be equivalent to saying that there is no such thing as taste, i.e. no aesthetic judgment capable of making a rightful claim upon the assent of all men.† (Kant, p. 52; see also pp. 136-139.)Another aspect of taste is quantity of positive appreciation (which means many people have to agree).   This judgment cannot, however, be proven. We can only ask others to look again with more attention to some aspects in hopes that can be induced to see something that eluded them in the first place. Thus genius of the artist grows with the contemplation of the observers, again indicating that it is as much attributable to the viewer as it is to the producer. A third criteria of taste is the purposeness of an object, or that it should have a reason for being there, greater than just the artists desired to memorialize the object.   Finally the last aspect of taste is the feeling of satisfaction in the object by the observer.To summarize, according to Kant, art encourages an intuitive understanding, was created with the intention of evoking such an understanding or an attempt at such an understanding in the audience, has no other purpose or function, may communicate on many different levels of appreciation, leads to many different interpretations, or reflections, demonstrates a high level of ability or fluency, and creates an appealing or aesthetically satisfying structures or forms upon an original set of unrelated, passive constituents.   This definition leads to a vagueness and subjectivity to art appreciation that varies from person to person, and an uncertainty who is most responsible the artist or the observer.De spite the attempt to attribute genius to the creator of the artistic object, all the definitions suggested to help the observed form a value judgment externally define what is artistic, or beautiful. Thus it would seem that for an artist to be truly appreciated and considered, he has to conform to the opinions of non artists, and tailor his work to stimulate their positive responses within the rule network they created.   This is undoubtedly responsible for statements like â€Å" he was ahead of his time† and why truly innovative artists are seldom appreciated during their lifetime.  [1] Critique of Judgment. Trans., James Creed Meredith. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988)[2] Why Cats Paint: A Theory of Feline Aesthetics Heather Busch, Burton Silver, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley CA, 1994.[3] Museum of Non-Primate Art. http://www.monpa.com

How War Affects the Economy Essay

Countries that have experienced periods of war have had their economies mostly affected negatively. Considering war and the economic history, it is evidence that war has influenced the economic history across the world for centuries. This influence is both negative and positive. In most cases, those who win during wars have ended up getting their economic institutions and trade patterns in shape. Wars have also led to technological development, increased workforce among others (Goldstein, par. 1). However, the negative impacts of war outweigh the positive impact in terms of waste of money and resources on war, destruction of human capital, trade, resources available and labor management. Wars have also led to loss of many lives thus reducing the population which greatly contributes to economic growth at large (Goldstein, par. 1 – 2). Where possible, wars should be avoided by all means, no matter how appealing the positive impacts might seem to be, since in return they are expensive, destructive and disruptive thus greatly affecting the economies of many nations negatively. The negative impacts of war During wars, the economies of the third world countries are the ones which often get affected to a larger extent. Winning in war is determined by how powerful a nation is. More powerful and stronger nations are better placed and able to represent their interests than others. For example, The United States of America being the super power wields incredible power and influence. Before any country engages itself into war, it should consider its strength and influence and also who they are fighting with (Wade par 1-2). Some of the negative impacts of war include the following; War Causes Increased Inflation Rate According to Goldstein (par 4), waging war requires three things; ‘money, money and money’. In short, waging war requires a lot of money and therefore many nations have ended up printing a lot of currencies to finance war forgetting that the printing of more money fuels inflation. Inflation always acts as an indirect tax on a national economy. For instance, during the first and second world wars, there was the industrial warfare that in return created inflationary pressures across large economies. The governments mobilized very many societies for war which led to conscripting labor, building up prices in markets for natural resources and industrial goods, diverting of capital and technology from civilian to military applications among others (Goldstein, par. 4), During the World War I, there were numerous inflations as participants broke from the gold standard to issuing of currencies freely. This led to increased inflation, a thing that was experienced even during the US Civil War, First and Second World Wars, Vietnam War among others. War induces inflation which is strongest in war zones but also to neutral countries, causing disruption and scarcity of resources, for example the US during the World War II. In addition, as war continues in the present day, inflation continues to increase driving the currency to worthlessness. The cost of war during World War I was almost $ 40 billion in addition to 85 years of inflation. This expenditure in figures would be closer to $1100 billion in the modern terms (Goldstein, par 2-5). War Leads To Increased Government Debts  Some nations borrow money for war and what happens is that they end up in a lot of debts for the government. War related debts always drive many states to bankruptcy. An example of such a nation is Spain in 1557 & 1596 when there was war (Goldstein, par. 5). Capital Depletion Many wars create zones of intense capital as well as destruction. This destruction happens in farms, factories and cities and cause reduced economic output which in return causes famine and plagues, for example during the 30years’ war that happened between 1618 and 1648. During this time, one third of the population was killed in Germany as the mercenaries plundered civilians with the latter becoming mercenaries so as to try to survive. In addition, the First World War reduced production by nearly half and starved hundreds of thousands of Germans to death. These led to more than a decade of lower Soviet output. Also, during World War I in 1918, influenza epidemic killed millions of people thus reducing the work force (Goldstein 2003, par8-9). Some other 407,000 Americans lost their lives during the Second World War and this led to decrease in human cost or labor which would have otherwise contributed to the economic growth of America (Henderson, par. 7). In Germany, there was a massive loss of lives which amounted to 1. 7 million young men and 4. 3 millions of them being wounded during the First World War. The total casualties were thus adding up to 7 million though this also included some prisoners and also those listed as missing. The Germany economy suffered terribly during this war and its industrial output fell by over 40% between 1914 and 1918. This was because many of the working men had been killed in war and so the machinery was run by ill trained people at the end of the war. In addition, the workforce was not physically fit to work very hard as a result of the food shortage that was being experienced in Germany then. Estimates show that 35% of all trade was usually organized illegally on the black market and the economy suffered from shortages of raw materials (School of History, par 2). War Impact On Domestic Economy Wars bring about impact on the domestic economy too. This happens through reduction of the level of capital stock as well as its growth. There is usually capital flight which dramatically leads to reduced private investments. In addition, the political economy models show worsened government’s fiscal balance which results from the internal conflicts that ends up affecting the aggregate domestic economy (Imai and Weinstein, par. 1). Economically, many activities are enhanced into conduct of war through the act of the government shifting the expenditure from output to war. Politically, there is evidence of weaker incentives which help maintain the fiscal balance. This is attributed to a shorter time horizon and weaker accountability of an electoral constituency. The result of all these shows that the driving forces can be attributed to the negative effects of civic war on the economic growth which is a decrease in domestic investment and especially the private investments (Imai and Weinstein, par. 1). War Is Expensive A lot of resources are normally used to wage war and this definitely leads to a minus in the economic growth of any nation. When a government spends a minimum of 2% of its GDP on its military on average, its economy is affected as well. Therefore, no matter where the finances or resources for funding comes from (payment of taxes or debts) , the resources used in war should be used to do other constructive things in order to raise the economic growth such as, paying more wages to workers to motivate them, construction of roads, large scale farming among others. Most governments ends up using a pool of finances to buy tanks, trucks, fuel, clothing, parachutes, bullets, guns, airplanes among other equipments of war. They also hire laborers to do the job that is, hiring more military personnel which is still expensive (Henderson, par. 3-4). All the capital and labor used to do the above produces output and labor that would otherwise have been used to develop the country’s economy. The cost of all that is used in war is called opportunity cost which means the value of the highest valued opportunity foregone. Thus, the opportunity cost of the resources used in war is the value of the resources that would otherwise have been used by the government on other things other than war (Henderson, par3-4). For example, during the Second World War, the US government spent more than 7% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), on war. In addition, there was a peak of the United States government spending a large portion of its (GNP) Gross National Product on war in 1944. This government spent about 38% of the GNP on war while as much of the capital and labor used in this war would have been used to produce things like automobiles for domestic economy or even exports among other things. In short, there would have been no rationing of meat, tires, nylons eggs, butter and sugar and the standard measure of prosperity would have been much more prosperous (Henderson 2006, par 4). On the other side, the cost of war in Germany during World War I was estimated to be US$ 40 billion; this was a lot of finances all being put to war (School of History, 2004, par4 ). Also, during World War 1and World War II, consumer spending is said to have increased a lot though it was still less than the long-term growth rate. The increase in output that was experienced during World War II considerably reflected the massive rise in military spending. At the climax of this war, the US government spending had taken up over 40% of the GNP whereas the Korean War spending was more moderate with the government spending a maximum of about 20% of the GNP (Ohanian 13). Another example showing the costliness of war is the Iraq war. According to some approximations made, Iraq and some other Middle East countries are assumed to spend significantly on defense. This is represented by an increase in defense spending by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) which is a clear indication that the economic growth of these countries is affected (McKibbin and Stoeckel 2). The Iraq war is possibly costly to the economy of the world. However the costliness is dependent on how long the war lasts and also the compounding effect of many different factors. The main economic effects include higher budgetary cost, rising oil prices and the greater uncertainty of things, leading to negative effects on economic growth. For example, the United States can experience a knock-on effect if Japan is unfavorably affected by war with Iraq. In such a case, the rise in oil prices is likely to change the prices of other energy sources like coal and natural gas (McKibbin & Stoeckel 1). In addition, when the prices of oil rise, Japan experiences high risk in terms of economic effects than either Europe or United States since it depends mainly on imported oil. Australia is also not left out since it is also affected negatively when the oil prices rise despite the fact that it exports coal and gas in large amounts. The longer the period a war takes, the more there is prolonged and uncertainty of the cost of oil (McKibbin and Stoeckel, 5). The war in Afghanistan also led to estimated loss of US $ 2-3 billions to the economy of Pakistan in 2001. This caused effects such as loss in revenue, decreased exports, reduced foreign investment as well as a slow down in private investments (Nisar, par. 18). War Leads To Increased Tax Rate The tax rate is usually increased in many nations during war so as to be able to finance the whole process of war. For example, there was increased tax during the Korean War so as to help finance the war. The capital tax rose to nearly 63% in average, the highest tax rate of capital income that has ever been heard in the history of the United States and it was sufficient to finance the Korean War efforts. Moreover, during the Second World War, the labor tax rose to about 19% with the capital tax rates ranging to an average of 60% compared to the time prior to the war, whereby the average marginal tax rate on capital was about 45% and the average marginal labor tax rate was just 9%. This high tax rate generated significant revenues and at the same time, the revenue was not enough to finance the war spending (Ohanian 13). All the above listed effects show how destructive and expensive war is to the economy of any nation. The Positive Effects Of War On The Economy The positive effects of war are not as many as the negative effects and no matter how attractive they might be the negative consequences still stand conspicuously. Some of the positive effects include the following; War Leads To Development Of Infrastructures And Technology Sometimes war creates a chance for infrastructural development like roads and thus clearing away the outdated ones. This gives way to the rebuilding of the economy world wide thus leading to long-term benefits. Technological development also rises as a result of war though not always. For example, after the two world wars, French production is said to have grown faster after 1950 than before 1914. Also the layouts of European railroad networks were strappingly influenced by the strategic military consideration. This was evident after Germany used railroads effectively to conquer French forces especially in 1870 to 1871(Goldstein, par 12-13). According to Tassava (par. 1-32) there has always been scientific and technological innovations that comes as result of war. These innovations were the key aspects in the American war effort as well as important economic factor in the Allies’ victory. During war, there is usually development of weapons among other tools of war. The American experience after the Second World War was impressive because of the scientific and technological change which positively affected almost every aspect of the war economy. There was also the Manhattan project which was meant to creating atomic weapons. However, this project was often hidden from the public view because of the wartime secrecy. The U. S. army and several private contractors gave direction to scientists, engineers and workers to build a nationwide complex of laboratories and also plants that would manufacture atomic fuel. They also gave direction to fabricate the atomic weapons. For example the laboratories at Chicago and California-Berkeley universities, the uranium processing complexes at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Hanford, Washington among others (Tassava, par. 32). Another innovation that arose during war time is the building of ships. This was the third example of innovation’s importance to the war economy. The fighting fronts in Africa, Europe and Asia that had their plans allied in World War II were totally dependent on the movement of war material produced in the United States. Hundred merchant shipyards in the U. S produced 5,777 ships at a cost of about $13 billion between 1939 and 1945. The technology of building ship later became a low-technology compared to the atomic-bomb project and the aerospace industry a sector that was amazingly successful (Tassava, par. 35).

Assess the impact by 1939 of Nazi Essay Example for Free (#1939)

Assess the impact by 1939 of Nazi Essay The National Socialist Party came to power through a series of swift, ruthless and devastating actions which firmly established Germany as a fascist state. The centralisation of power in Germany, known as ‘co-ordination’ (Gleichschaltung), was initiated on the day of the election and was carried out with such clinical efficiency, that the German state was completely transformed within a matter of months. Hitler’s Gleichschaltung was extremely successful in altering the cultural and economic landscape of Germany in the years between 1933 and the commencement of the Second World War in 1939. National Socialism touched every aspect of life; youth culture, the role of women, education, the economy and the effect it had on employment, the working class, as well as religion in the domination of the Christian Church. As this essay will explain, each of these individual developments in German society, which were initiated by the Nazi regime, came together to precipitate a complete cultural transformation for the lives of German people by 1939. Nazi Seduction of the German People The attraction of the Third Reich was compelling for the German people and strong feelings of national pride were instilled in the mass population. Germans were moved by wave after wave of brilliantly staged nationalistic promptings in the form of spectacular public rallies and stirring speeches. The totalitarian state model, which was so important to the Nazi Party’s grip on its people, was achieved through a mix of persuasion, motivation and discrimination. Individualism was quickly replaced by a way of life steeped in collective gestures and symbols; mass rallies, uniforms, public commemorations and in particular, the gesture synonymous with the Nazi era – the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute. Although these public messages became tiresome to many Germans, they were a constant theme throughout the Nazi era, and were therefore inescapable. They were successful in convincing the German masses of the power of the Third Reich as an all conquering, superior phenomenon. The mobilisation of German youth was a vital cog in the National Socialist propaganda machine. The drive towards creating a fiercely dependent and loyal German youth was formed on the basis of a rejection of the old bourgeois world in favour idealistic notions of a new and more egalitarian society.The lengths to which the Nazi’s went, in order to harness the loyalty of the German youth were great and centred on the creation of a rival organisation to the formal education system called the Hitler Youth (Hitler – Jugend). When Hitler came to power in 1933, the Hitler Youth organisation had only 107,956 members. By the end of 1933 however, under the leadership of Baldur von Schirach, most youth movements were under the influence of the Nazis and the few remaining nonconformists such as Catholic organisations were feeling the Nazi influence. Two laws, which came into effect in December 1936 and March 1939 made participation in the Hitler Youth (HJ) mandatory, driving up membership of the organisation to 8,870,000 at the beginning of 1939. The Hitler Youth indoctrinated young Germans with Nazi concepts of race, discipline and obedience. Summer camps were set up, in which political ideological teachings, physical fitness, rifle practice, endurance and team-building games were core activities. The aim was to breed a new type of German, one which was loyal to National Socialism and would thus ensure the future existence and expansion of Germany as a Nazi state. The family was an institution of supreme importance to the Nazis, being regarded as crucial to the future success of The Third Reich. Much was done to raise the popularity of marriage and increase birth-rate, as mothers who stayed at home to bring up large families were put on a pedestal and treated with utmost respect. On 12 August – the birthday of Hitler’s mother – every mother who had given birth to a large number of children was awarded a Mother’s Cross. Rewards for raising large families were also financial, as special welfare benefits were awarded to encourage marriage and motherhood.  Newly married couples were offered a 1,000 mark loan, repayable at three per cent interest, which was reduced by 25 per cent after the birth of each child. This loan effectively turned into a free gift from the state following the birth of four healthy children. The role of women in Nazi Germany was clearly defined, encouraging them to embrace their ‘natural’ role as mothers. As already mentioned, women were the focus of the Nazi drive to boost birth rate, and were ushered away from the idea of a full-time career in favour of starting or extending a family. Furthermore, within education, girls would be directed away from developing their academic ability and independence, in favour of training for future maternal roles through compulsory courses in domestic science and biology. Upon reaching adulthood, the indoctrination of Nazi ideals continued through membership of three women’s organisations, all created by the Nazi party – the German Woman’s Enterprise, the National Socialist Womanhood and the Reich Mothers’ Service. By March 1939, over 1.7 million German women had attended one of these Nazi organised courses. In its crusade to win over the working class, the Nazis offered a vast array of publicly funded leisure activities. The Nazi Kraft durch Freude (KdF) (Strength through Joy) organisation was officially founded to promote the physical prowess of the individual, although in reality its essential purpose was to educate and socialise the German population into National Socialism. The Nazi leisure policy was initiated with the hidden intention of rallying the German people towards active voluntary participation in National Socialist Germany. An active, thriving leisure movement it was believed would contribute to the thrust of National Socialism as a whole, enhancing the vitality and all round commitment to the German cause. The economic success of the Nazi regime is remembered most for its remarkable success in reducing unemployment. The cornerstone of this recovery was the implementation of the many work programmes, which created jobs for the phenomenal number of unemployed Germans at the beginning of Hitler’s reign. German economists had recognised that the abandonment of narrow fiscalism in favour of counter-cyclical strategies based upon investment in the infrastructure and public housing was essential in order to reduce levels of unemployment. Job creation schemes, such as the construction of the Autobahn – the major motorway network – and house building schemes resulted in a fall in unemployment from 34% in January 1933 to 13.5% in July 1934. Upon coming to power, Hitler embarked on a crusade to eradicate Christianity, as he believed it to be a product of Jewish culture – a religion he perceived as a corrosive influence on the German population. The process of gradually reducing the influence and presence of the church in Nazi Germany was achieved in a number of ways. The establishment of the Reich Church, the German Christians organisation and the German Faith movement introduced a new Christian religion based on the core ideals and beliefs of National Socialism. This was yet another example of the iron grip with which the Nazis sought to control the German population. Nazi economic and social policy had a phenomenal effect on the German mass population by 1939. The levels of propaganda used to capture the loyalty of the German people were deeply influential, effectively brainwashing the population. The focus on the future strength and solidarity of The Third Reich as a totalitarian state saw key aspects of the German lifestyle subjected to significant changes between 1933 and 1939. The effect that Nazi social and economic policies had were seen most significantly in their effect on women, youth, education, the economy with regards to employment, the motivation of the working class, and religion. Nazi propaganda went further than this in its influence on the German way of life, as the press,  industry, art and culture, and all forms of entertainment were transformed into mere puppets of the Nazi regime. The gradual erosion of individualism and devotion to The Third Reich amongst German people could not have been achieved without the changes imple mented in these fundamental aspects of daily life. Assess the impact by 1939 of Nazi. (2016, Jul 07).

Motivations for public sector organizations to move from traditional Essay

Motivations for public sector organizations to move from traditional procurement to eprocurement systems - Essay Example Private sector organisations have embraced information and communication technologies, including e-procurement. The motivation for doing so has largely been increased efficiency, contributing to the enhancement of business excellence, and cost effectiveness. Public sector organisations have, in comparison, lagged behind and, in general, have been slow in adopting ICT. Management scholars have blamed the said tardiness on the organisational structure of public sector forms but have, nevertheless, argued the incontrovertible imperatives of the public sector's embracing the said technologies (Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). Concurring with the stated, this research will argue in favour of the public sector's adoption of e-procurement as a strategy for enhancing organisational efficiency and for embracing cost-effectiveness. Management scholars have determined that public sector organisations are largely modelled after the traditional bureaucratic organisational structure, as influenced by Weber (Cane and Thurston, 2000; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). The implication is that all of the four components of organisational structure-labour division, departmentalisation, span of control and scope of decision-making-are shaped by bureaucratic-traditionalist managerial theory. This, according to numerous management scholars, has only served to offset the capacity for flexible response to changing external conditions and has, in the long run, resulted in the formulation of mechanistic and atrophying organisations (Cane and Thurston, 2000; Flynn, 2002; Dent, Chandler and Barry, 2004). As explained by Flynn (2002) among others, labour division within the public sector organisation is invariably highly specialised. Task specialisations are clearly articulated and each employee has a specific set of job functions, clearly set out in his/her job description, which he/she must operate by (Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002). While the advantages of specialisation and clearly articulated job descriptions are practically too numerous to articulate, the disadvantages are enormous. Certainly specialisation implies that employees are often matched to jobs according to their skill-sets and explicit job descriptions mean that employees always have a clear understanding of the tasks they are required to perform and know the boundaries of their professional responsibilities (Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002; Mctavish, 2004). Excessive specialisation, however, as is often the case with private sector organisations means that employees cannot function beyond the parameters of t heir jobs and are devoid of the proactive, problem-solving skills which are deemed integral to contemporary organisational success (Bourn and Bourn, 1995; Flynn, 2002; Mctavish, 2004). Quite simply, employees are confined to the limits of the skills that they brought with them upon joining the organisation, and on which basis they were hired, and their job descriptions. As early as the 1960's, management

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem Essay

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem - Essay Example After American abandonment of Israel, a Jewish state in the midst of Arab and Palestinian enemies, I agree with you in claiming it was inevitable for Israel to militarize in order to realize and sustain their interests in the Middle East. Finally, even though Israel had to militarize fast, the motive of partitioning remains unknown, and I agree when you claim the war resulted from a multiplicity of factors at local, national, and international levels. For many years, the Middle East has been a region of frequent conflicts, and even today violence beginning with the Arab revolution spread throughout the region with unimaginable consequences of their social, political, economic, and cultural organization. Many wars in the Middle East could be avoided, but local, national, regional and international interests make war inevitable, and I agree when you employ this applies to the first Arab-Israeli War. It is true Palestinians were ill prepared for the war and these questions the motives for the war. I believe the war resulted from differences between Britain and America over the fate of the Middle East. Considering the arms embargo, America’s abandonment of Israel, and disunity between Arab countries about the Palestinian crisis, I agree when you claim Britain, America, and Arab countries were concerned about gaining territorial possessions than they were about the crisis in Palestine. Therefore, the fate of Palestine was influe nced by the interplay between various factors.

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers Essay - 1

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers - Essay Example Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowa days, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. Everyday, hundreds of teenagers fall prey to pedophiles and end up getting into dangerous real world activities. Anonymity is a special feature of the social networking sites. This allows the unscrupulous people to approach the immature teenagers and involve them in harmful activities by conversing with them. The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography.

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes Essay

Comparative Analysis of Antonio Del Pollaiyolo's Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya's - Essay Example Experts are having difficulty in dating Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s work on the basis of style because Pollaiyolo may have already used the style earlier and only changed a little during the course of his style1 . As an artist Pollaiyolo was considered ahead of his time and was said to be one of the first Italian artists to render the engraving of the human form2 in the same manner that Francisco Goya was also considered as one of the pioneers of modern painting3. The paintings of both Antonio Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes and Francisco Goya’s Third of May are also large at 42.4 x 60.9 centimeter and 268  ?  347  centimeter respectively. Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes â€Å"depicts five men wearing headbands and five men without, fighting in pairs with weapons in front of a dense background of vegetation4†. The characters in the engraving are posed in various athletic positions where they fiercely grimace and their muscle tones strongly emphasized. Rather than painted compared to Goya’s Third of May, Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes used return-stroke engraving that was employed in modeling the bodies to create a delicate and subtle effect5. Del Pollaiyolo’s Battle of the Nudes where ten sculpted men was fighting was inspired by Greek and Roman sculpture. Scholars opined that these engravings were not a depiction of a literary subject but rather was intended for artists to copy because Del Pollaiyolo’s was said to use model carvings himself before doing the engraved. Pollaiyolo’s work is artistically significant because it was credited to have been responsible of the seminal idea of Italian Renaissance’s modeling of the human form as an object of art. Del Pollaiyolo’s was also said to be one of the pioneers of Italian Renaissance engraving. Pollaiyolo’s engraving of the Battle of the Nude was even said to have been used as a model of German artists such as Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) and Jorg Breu (c. 1480-1573). The detailed engraving of the human form, its particularity of the anatomical structure and the explicitness of its expression has been credited to have been germinated by Pollaiyolo’s6. While Del Pollaiyolo’s work was rich in details, Goya’s The Third of May 1808 was intentionally painted with the face of the executioner to be anonymous to highlight the drama of innocent civilian that was about to be executed. In this particular work, the artistry was better rendered with the anonymity of the executioner7. What was highlighted instead was the atmosphere that contributes to the gore and brutality of the execution. The main subject which was a civilian with his arms spread like the Christ in crucifixion was set against the backdrop of the rising mountain and heavy blackness of the night to highlight the terror of the persecution8. He also emphasized fear in the painting by â€Å"trailing the line of unfor tunate captives into the distance, suggesting that this action will by repeated throughout the night9†. Unlike in Pollaiyolo’s The Battle of the Nudes where the features of the characters were detailed, Goya’s The Third of May painting was rendered with â€Å"broad and rough strokes of the brush [similar] to the mature work of the Great Spanish

Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government - Research Paper Example Trying Jones in the states court will also attract a maximum sentence unless he pleads guilty whereas the federal court has comparative leniency of federal rules regarding wiretaps and informants which give Jones the possibility of a minimal sentence compared to the former. The fact that he helped with the collecting of evidence to build cases against Smith and Thompson should influence the severity of his sentence in a federal court. Therefore it is my recommendation that once again a federal court is more beneficial because Jones’ actions of helping collect evidence will sway the judges or jury in a federal court. This will go a long way in helping future informants co-operate because they see that there snitching on the others is beneficial to them (Winnfred, 2011). Since no previous records have been found on Smith, the recommendation is to file the case in the Sedgwick County District Court. Smith should be charged with possession and trafficking as a first offender. The prosecutor should consider cutting a deal with Smith which will see the reduction of his sentence in exchange for him informing on his suppliers. ... The federal courts also need to issue a warrant to search all of Thompson’s premises. Secondly the federal courts offer greater harsher penalties for drug related offences that help deter people from future trafficking. According to 1993 statistics from the Department of Justice, the average federal sentence for selling powder cocaine was 79 months; the average for trafficking in crack cocaine was 141 months. Since Thompson seems to be a big time dealer he faces a harsher sentencing. Thompson should also be offered a deal just like Smith by the prosecutor where he faces a less harsh sentence if he is to inform on his suppliers (Harris 2007). The federal courts also offer an avenue for liaising with other courts in other states and other countries unlike the state courts in the event that Thompson’s suppliers are from different states or countries. Since Jones’ testimony is key to prosecuting Thompson, the prosecutor should make it clear to the judge that in no wa y should Jones’ previous convictions influence the decision made by the court in the trial against Thompson. He should still be viewed as a credible witness despite his selfish reasons in informing on Thompson. Looking at the federal law in the United States, there is no full reception statute provided on the level of federal law that spearheaded common law and therefore giving power to federal courts to fabricate precedents that were deemed legal. Federal courts culminate from the federal constitution together with the federal Judicial Acts. On the other hand, people have come to accept the fact that the earlier inhabitants of the United States, by their action of bestowing â€Å"judicial authority† into the highest court of the land

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations Research Paper

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example INTRODUCTION: Ongoing changes and advancements in the overall scenario of the world have placed additional importance on the role of the leader in any organization. Leader is a person who directs and guides a certain group of people for the achievement of a particular objective or aim (Fleishman, 1953). Leaders are associated with the tasks of not only managing the people but they have to perform their own tasks and become an inspiration for others. Leadership has evolved as one of the most studied and researched areas. The concept of leadership has been closely associated with the ideas of organizational structure, organizational culture, employee motivation, employee productivity, and overall performance of the organization (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). There are different styles of leadership which are based on several factors. These various styles of leadership have certain implications on the output generated by the organizations. Despite of the considerable research work in the area of leadership, researchers have been ignoring the importance and other implications of leadership in the nonprofit sector. Young Entrepreneurs Association of Laos (YEAL) has been established with the aim of promoting youth entrepreneurship in the country and supporting different young entrepreneurs. This Not for Profit association facilitates the growth of new business ventures on part of youth. This not only helps the young entrepreneurs but also improves the status of overall economy.

Year of Wonders Essay Example for Free

Year of Wonders Essay Geraldine Brooks work of historical fiction, Year of Wonders, concentrates on emotional and physical conflict and the innate response of the villagers of Eyam at a time of crisis. The novel reflects on Anna Frith, an ordinary resident of the village, highlighting her profound mental and emotional development as the events unfold. With the guidance of Elinor Mompellion, Anna endeavoured to support her community throughout the plague, establishing the archetype of hero. Although the central female characters of the novel, Anna and Elinor, were conveyed as heroic, the majority of women struggled to have any notable positive impact, largely due to the oppression of their dominant husbands. Furthermore, there were a number of male characters who strived to do good, contrary to their generalisation of being characterised as negative and destructive. However, the focus of heroism is drawn towards the female characters. Annas efforts throughout the plague were transcendent, surpassing that of any other villager. The novel encompassed Annas journey throughout the course of events, having significantly more importance to the plot than the plague itself. However, it was Elinor that begun Anna on her journey, helping her see that the good she could do, no matter how trivial, could help others profoundly. It was through Elinor that Anna discovered hope, which fuelled her desire to step up as the compassionate hero of Eyam. She was able to accomplish this by detaching herself from religious ideology, which was the cause of humanity seeing the world in dark and light [which] was how [she] was taught to view the world. Anna was able to fully embrace life, which enabled her to develop a passion for midwifing, fulfilling her characterisation as a hero. Elinors endeavours concerning the crisis, too, was of a benevolent nature. When juxtaposing the two heroines, it is made clear they are extraordinarily similar in personality; they both had an intimate relationship with nature. Although both Anna and Elinor carried incredible emotional burdens, neither relinquished their duties as carers of the village. There had been so much futile effort expended since the coming of the Plague, and yet they continued to support thers, displaying the characteristics of a true hero. There were a number of male characters in the novel who were committed to relieving the burden the plague had put on the villagers, but none more so than Michael Mompellion, the Anglican rector of Eyam. He was a man distinguished by exceptional courage, nobility and strength the ideal hero. This was evident in his efforts as the intrinsic leader of the village, reassuring them that the plague was an act of God, and that [they] must trust in God to perform His wonders. Michaels actions throughout the novel was continually justified as being a part of Gods will maintaining his namesake as being a soldier of God; he was able to embrace what God had given them. With his persuasive aural techniques, Michael was able to convince the community to quarantine themselves for the sake of humanity: Let us carry [the burden] in Gods Holy Name! There was no malevolent intention with this sacrifice; the sole purpose was to help save the souls of the people, directing them on a path of salvation. Tending to those who lay dying from the ill-effects of the plague, Michael sought to help those atone from their sins, helping them escape from the world cruelly desecrated by the plague. Although his pledge that none should die alone had become a heavy burden upon him, Michael continued to do so, proving that, beyond doubt, his communal deeds were protagonistic. The overwhelming majority of women were unable to develop an independent understanding of the plague, due to being fettered by their male kin; they did not make any positive contribution to plague efforts. However, this was not uncommon in the seventeenth century; women were made to be a mans chattel. Anna and Elinor are two female characters who were able to involve themselves in plague affairs: As a widow, Anna is truly independent; Elinor is not constrained by her husband, Michael, when there is potential for a positive outcome to her actions. On the other hand, every other female character in the novel (omitting Anys and Mem Gowdie) is shackled by their husbands or fathers, being unable to claim independence. Women were forced to follow the master of the house in their ideas and values. A notable example is Colonel Bradfords treatment of Mrs. Bradford, who seemed to take a perverse amusement in belittling his wife. Oppressed women were unable to establish their own methods of supporting others through the plague; they were forced to do what they are told. It appears Brooks intended to omit any account of any other woman in the village stepping up as a hero, possibly to further highlight Anys independence and Annas journey to become self-sufficient. In a general sense, it is blatant that the female characters cannot claim to be more heroic than the male characters. Year of Wonders focuses on human response to pandemonium. In particular, the novel highlights how certain characters have the potential to take charge during a crisis, becoming heroes. Anna, Elinor and Michael are among those who were able to accomplish this. Neither gender could be generalised as being more heroic than the other when the plague encapsulated Eyam, though. However, other female characters had the potential to fill the shoes of a hero; their role in society made this impossible. It was only the women who claimed independence who were able to demonstrate a sound attempt in supporting plague efforts.

Marxism literary and the new criticism theory

Marxism literary and the new criticism theory Marxism literary theory and the new criticism theory are among many wide schools of theory with historical importance. These theories differ in their methods and conclusions as well as their text. Different theories complement and supplement each other in their goals, methods, conclusions and text. The present day literary theory dates back in the 1960s. Literary theory was at its highest peak in popularity in some of the leading universities in America such as John Hopkins and Yale. It is from these universities that the influence of literary theory started spreading and by 1980s it was being taught almost everywhere. During this time, literary theory was supposed to be an academically cutting-edge, and as a result the majority of university literature departments wanted to teach and learn theory and integrate it into their curricula. The goal of Marxist literary theories is to represent class conflict as well as to reinforce class distinctions through literature. Marxist theorists frequently champion writers who are sympathetic to the working classes and those whose works challenge the economic equalities in capitalist societies. In maintaining the spirit of Marxism, literary theories developing from the Marxist paradigm have sought Modern ways of understanding the relationship between literature and economic production as well as cultural production. Literary theory has drawn a lot of influence from the Marxism analyzes society. New Critics in their works usually include inherent moral dimension, and occasionally a religious dimension. For instance, New Critic may read a poem by Thomas Eliot for its level of honesty in expression of torment and contradiction of a serious exploration of belief in the present world. On the other hand Marxist critic might see New critics point of view as ideological instead of critical. They would argue that critical distance should be kept from the poets religious standpoint for the poem to be understood. New criticism theories look at literary works in the view of what is written and not upon the authors goals or biographical issues. In contrast, the Marxists emphasize themes of class conflict. Marxist literary criticism Marxist literary criticism is used to describe literary criticism influenced by the philosophy of Marxism. Twentieth century leading proponents of Marxist theory are also literary critics. They include, George Lukà ¡cs, Terry Eagleton, and Raymond Williams. Marxist theory has different goals. One of its simplest goals is literary assessment of the political inclination of a literary work, hence determining whether its literary form is progressive. According to Marxists legal systems, religious beliefs, and cultural frameworks are determined by social and economic conditions. Therefore Art should represent these conditions truthfully and also seek to better them. The popularity of Marxist aesthetics has reduced in nowadays consumerist society; however it continues to pose responsible questions. Marxist basis of evaluation is hard to establish although it is one of the vigorous and varied 20th century school of aesthetics. Marxist theory has not been able to explain how the political, artistic, and legal superstructure of a nation reflects in its economic constitution. Assumptions from its generalizations have been stunningly inaccurate. For instance the hypotheses with which Marxism explained the rise in living standards of capitalist working class; the Russian-Chinese conflict revolution in Russia; and the uprisings in Berlin. The fact that Marxism fails intellectually is a prove that it has weaknesses in literary criticism. Despite Marxist critism theories having weaknesses it is a good thing that it allows intellectual freedom. Sometimes the authors writing may have been influenced in some way by the state. For instance, the communist world was totally different from what writers were allowed to show. This means that the literary work of time could not be analyzed by simply looking at the authors goal as it is proposed by new criticism. Reading the literary work very closely and particularly the language used by the author would help to analyze the work more critically. In this case Marxism is very crucial because what people read that is what they practice. Some contemporary Marxists such Terry Eagleton have tried to rehabilitate or revise marx. She recognizes the fact that literary work like that of Shakespeare create value because by reading them we are made to think and get something out of them thus getting some values from them. This supplements new criticism theory that looks at the moral and sometimes the religious dimensions such as honesty. Georg Lukacs contribution In his contribution towards Marxism and literature, Georg Lukacs, maintained that the text contained in classic realist writings in describing events of ordinary occurrence and social conditions give a vivid picture of the entireness of a society and its evolution. He argues that the literature of naturalism shows the contradictions that exist in societies and within the individual in the context of a dialectical unit. He acknowledged the fact that realist novels present a partial image of a society. However, he also supported the idea that the value of a novel lies in its description of the nature of a society in a historic period. He also argued that any literary work does not reflect individual phenomena in isolation as modernist text depicts, but should be the whole process of life found in realism. However, Lukas was opposed by Bertolt Brecht, who argued that society is dynamic and hence reality also changes. This is why Bertolt maintained that modes of representation should cha nge accordingly. The methods and goals of representation are always changing in the quest to describe present-day realities. Raymond Williams contribution According to Williams, any literature potraying an ever changing culture has the counter-hegemonic and dominant ideology. Therefore Marxist criticism leaning towards Williams theories considers literature as an important vehicle for ideology. Williams believed that where there was no common culture, a cultural and literary tradition is founded on selections made in the present and shaped by value decisions and power interests. This way he deconstructed the idea that truth is integral in a literary tradition. This contribution complements the new criticism theory that seeks to understand moral dimension of every literary text. He also suggested the term structure of feeling for analysis of literature. Even though she acknowledges that the term cannot be equated to an ideology since it lacks specificity of class and it is not universal; the term gives the dimension of experience more emphasis. Structure of feeling supplements new criticism theory since it emphasizes the experience dimension. This means that the text is not subjected to critical interpretations but instead the primacy of the text is upheld. New criticism New Criticism as a school of thought of literary interpretation stresses the significance of studying texts as comprehensive works of art in themselves. They argued for upholding primacy of text other than analysis based on context. According to proponents of this theory literary texts are usually comprehensive in and of themselves. They elevate the purpose of criticism in academics such as in the maintenance of language and poetry at the same time helping their development. Criticism is very important as it forms an inherent part of social development. Majority of new criticism studies see the theory as one that focuses on close reading of structure, theme, technicalities and the message contained in the literary works. New criticism supplements the Marxism criticism theory in its objective. Marxism theory interprets every literary work on the basis of how it responds to social inequalities. Social development is therefore an inherent part of the Marxism theory. New criticism also gives some focus to social development though indirectly. New criticism theory expects that by focussing on criticism at the academic level, the same will trickle down to the society at large and hence leading to social development. Unreasonable assumptions of Marxism and new criticism One of the assumptions of the New Critics is that biographical and historical information is not important in the study of a literary text. This assumption restricts the reader so much and is often seen as excessively authoritarian. Historical and biographical information is necessary as it can create an experience dimension that can pass some values to the reader. In so doing social development occurs. Marxism emphasizes the use of historical and biographical information in analyzing literary works. Marxism assumes that a literary work is a reflection of the society that produces it. This assumption is not always true. Some literary works may have had some external influenced thus depicting a society in a way that people wants to see it and thus may not be a true reflection of the society. Since new criticism does not emphasis the historical and biographical information of text, but instead on close reading of structure, theme, technicalities and the message contained in the literar y works, it complements the Marxism assumption. Therefore the blend of both Marxism and new criticism can complement each other as mentioned above. Humanism Marxism does not put emphasis on the use of Marx ideology of class conflict for academics but instead for social development. Therefore proponents of Marxism criticism theory believe it is most useful in the humanist world outside the academy. As discussed earlier, the new criticism is so much focussed on academics and not the society. It is so restrictive to the reader and does not use biographical and historical information in analysis of a literary work. On the other hand, Marxism can be referred as being humanistic. It is humanistic because it empathizes with the victims of social inequalities. Marxism therefore seeks to analyse literary works using the Marx ideology of class conflict. The Marxists hope that by analyzing literary works using class conflict ideology, the reader will be able to recognize the inequalities existing in the society and thus can find ways of overcoming them and bring about an equal society. According to Patricia Waugh humanism is not only found in Marxism but rather in all theories. She sees theories as a means by which one can exercise crucial capacities of being human. One can reflect or be rational about life through a theory and in the process one can stand back to make second order judgements about the world and our behaviour in it. In conclusion, Marxism criticism theory and New Criticism are different in many ways. These differences are what complements and supplements each other. For instance, since New Criticism does not emphasize on the use of historical and biographical information in analyzing literary works, Marxism complements it. On the other hand, New Criticism supplements Marxisms structure of feeling by emphasizing moral dimension in the analysis of literary works. Raymond Williams a proponent of Marxism acknowledge values such as truth as integral to the literary tradition.

Philosophy Of Quality :: essays research papers

In respect to quality of materials, there are three well known philosophers whom are most referenced: W. Edwards Deming, Philip B. Crosby, and Joseph M. Juran. Throughout the twentieth century, these three men have continuously integrated new systems for improvement in the quality system. The first and probably most well known of these philosophers is W. Edwards Deming. Deming first came into the public eye when he was credited with assisting the Japanese after World War II and helping to elevate the Japanese industry into the forefront of world industry. Deming stresses that the most important part of quality is the role of management. Deming also emphasizes on achieving long term goals through cultural transformation rather then short term needs. Deming’s findings can be viewed best through his “System of Profound Knowledge,'; and his “14 Points of Management.'; While Deming was continually expanding his research, Philip B. Crosby entered the forefront of quality in the 1970’s. Crosby has been a consulter as well as a trainer for many leaders in the manufacturing industries. Like Deming, Crosby also has a “14-Step Pan for Quality Improvement.'; Crosby’s main focus is first evaluate the quality system and make improvements on the current system. Another of Crosby’s main concerns is defects. Crosby emphasizes that the performance standard should be “zero defects.'; The most recent of the philosophers is Joseph M. Juran. In the late 1980’s Juran founded an institute to consult and train management in quality. In addition to Deming, Juran also visited Japan to assist their industry at the end of World War II. Juran’s most famous theory of quality is his “quality trilogy,'; which focuses on planning, control and improvement of the quality system. Although Deming, Crosby, and Juran have never collaborated on their work, many similarities are apart in their beliefs. For example, all three men stress the importance of the management system. Also, they have created step-by-step processes by which industries should follow in order to prove the quality of their products. Another important point which is shared by all three men is that quality should be viewed as an entity. Regardless to the fact that all three have based their lives on the ambitious goal of developing a system to improve quality, there are several key differences exist amidst these three quality experts. First and foremost is their definition of quality. Deming uses statistical predictions, basing his entire view of quality on the quality of the process, not the product whereas Crosby and Juran focus more on the customer.

Comparison of Kafkas Metamorphosis and Dalis The Metamorphosis of Narcissus :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Kafka's Metamorphosis and Dali's The Metamorphosis of Narcissus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The painting that I chose to compare to the novel Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, was painted in 1937 by Salvatore Dali.   Dali is an established Surrealist painter, who, like Kafka, explored his own psyche and dreams in his work. Dali invented a process, called the "paranoiac critical method", which is used in this painting, to assist his creative process.   As Dali described it, his aim in painting was "to materialize the images of concrete irrationality with the most imperialistic fury of precision...in order that the world of imagination and of concrete irrationality may be as objectively evident...as that of the exterior world of phenomenal reality."1      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rich landscape, seems to be limitless in detail.   Dali rendered every detail of this landscape with precise accuracy, striving to make his paintings as realistic as possible.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Greek mythology, Narcissus was a beautiful young youth, who fell in love with his own reflection, and then drowned while trying to embrace himself.   His body was never recovered, but a flower, which was named after him was.   The left side of this painting shows the kneeling Narcissus, outlined by the craggy rocks of what could only be Cape Creus's. On the right side of the painting, the scene has morphed into a more idyllic and classical scene, in which the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   kneeling Narcissus has become the statue of a hand, holding a cracked egg, from which emerges The Narcissus flower.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This painting reminded me of the first chapter of Metamorphosis, where the main character, Gregor Samsa, first realizes that he is confronted with a ludicrous fate in the form of a gigantic insect.   In both Kafka's and Dali's work, I noticed that they both implement a certain "receding" technique.   Dali tends to put an object (In this case, Narcissus) In the foreground, and the background of the painting tends to be very crisp and detailed, yet unimportant, compared to Narcissus. I feel the same way about Gregor, I see Kafka writing this story with mainly Gregor in mind, as the main character and narrator.   Kafka puts this puzzled victim in the story as a clerk, yet that element of the story tends to receded in to the plot of the story.

The Mechanisms and Effects of Frost Heave Essay -- Soil Soils Agricult

The Mechanisms and Effects of Frost Heave ABSTRACT Frost heave is the increase in volume experienced by soils when they freeze. Water moves to the upper horizons from below; when it freezes it forms segregated ice lenses which push apart the soil around them as they grow, causing the observed volume increase. Frost heave has a number of effects upon the soil and upon structures supported by the soil which make it an important process to understand. INTRODUCTION During the freezing of some soils, nearly pure ice forms in segregated lenses parallel to soil isotherms (Hillel, 1980). The formation of these lenses causes frost heave, a phenomenon in which the surface of the soil is "heaved" vertically by as much as several tens of centimeters. The overall volume of the soil also increases greatly, and heave pressures of many atmospheres can build up (Mitchell, 1993). Frost heave often causes substantial soil disruption (cryoturbation) as well as damage to roads, fence posts, foundations, plants, and other structures within and on top of the soil. In this paper I will examine the mechanisms and effects of frost heave. MECHANISMS Early studies of frost heave hypothesized that the observed volume growth in the soil was entirely due to the increase in volume that occurs when soil water changes to ice. Experiments by Taber in the 1960's, however, demonstrated that frost heave occurred even in soils saturated in benzene and nitrobenzene, liquids that contract when they freeze (Hillel, 1980). This finding led to a search for the new mechanism, the particulars of which are still being resolved. Mitchell (1993) specifies three necessary conditions for ice segregation and frost heave to occur: 1. A frost susceptibl... ...in the soils of this region might be explained through frost heaving. Works Cited: Anderson, Suzanne Prestrud, 1988, The upfreezing process: Experiments with a single clast: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 609-621. Clark, M.J. (Ed.), 1988, Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology: Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, 481 p. Dash, J.G., 1989, Thermonuclear Pressure in Surface Melting: Motivation for Frost Heave: Science, v. 246, p. 1591-1593. Durbin, Steve, Personal Communication on 10/12/96. Hillel, Daniel, 1980, Applications in Soil Physics: New York, Academic Press, Inc., 385 p. Mitchell, James K., 1993, Fundamentals of Soil Behavior: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 543 p. Smith, M.W., 1985, Observations of soil freezing and frost heave at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 223, p. 283-290.

Alicia Martinez Murder Essay

Alicia Martinez murder: Did Edward Romero chop up some body parts in a blender? Denver Westword, Thursday, Mar. 8 2012 Alicia Martinez disappeared on October 24, 2010, and shortly thereafter, Denver Police arrested Edward Romero for first degree murder. According to police Romero allegedly killed Martinez by shooting her twice in the head, then dismembering her body even going so far as to put some small pieces in a blender. Some parts were never found and others missing skin. Martinez was ultimately identified through the use of dental records. Francesca Pagliasotti, Romero’s girlfriend was accused of being an accessory to first-degree murder. Pagliasotti wasn’t home when Romero allegedly killed Martinez, but upon her arrival, she found him in the garage, chopping up the girls’ body. The morning after, Pagliasotti, who has two small children with Romero, got out a mop and a bucket and started cleaning up Martinez’s blood. (Roberts, 2012) The actus reus or criminal act of this crime has to be Romero shooting Martinez twice in the head and murdering her. Romero must have had a reason, in his mind, to kill Martinez. Maybe she saw him do something or he sexually assaulted her and didn’t want any witnesses. Either way the act of killing her was the actus reus. After Romero shot her and realized what he had done was not only wrong but could land him in prison for the rest of his life, he had to dispose of the body. No body, no crime. Romero decides the best course of action is to dismember the body in the garage. Not only dismember the body but put some smaller pieces in a blender. Romero had the knowledge that he had committed a crime or mens rea. Romero’s girlfriend Pagliasotta caught him in the act of dismembering a human body in his garage. Clearly what he had done in killing the girl and what he was doing with getting rid of the body was illegal. Yet Pagliasotta did not call the police or run and get help. She instead helps Romero clean up the crime scene and act like nothing happened. Pagliasotta has knowledge or mens rea of the crime. After having knowledge of the crime she did not report the crime to the authorities, this is actus reus or the criminal act. If Romero would have shot the victim and not have known that it would harm her then there would have not been a crime. There has to be the concurrence of actus reus and mens rea together for a crime to occur. The fact that he knew he was hurting Martinez when he shot her is the concurrence and ultimately the crime. Romero’s girlfriend knew that he had committed a crime. She knew that he had killed someone and that he had dismembered a body to try to cover up a crime scene. Pagliasotta knowingly helped him cover up that crime scene without alerting the authorities. This is the concurrence and ultimately her crime. This is why she is accused of accessory to first-degree murder (Roberts, 2012).

Accounting Firm Case Essay

Case 1: Sunrise bank recently appointed the accounting firm Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford as the bank’s auditor. Sunrise quickly became one of Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford’s largest clients. Subject to banking regulations, Sunrise must provide for any expected losses on notes receivable that Sunrise may not collect in full. During the course of the audit, Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford determined that three large notes receivable of Sunrise seem questionable. Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford discussed these loans with Susan Carter, controller of Sunrise. Carter assured the auditors that these notes were good and that issuers of these notes will be able to pay their notes after the economy improves. Smith, Godfroy and Hannaford stated that Sunrise must record a loss for a portion of these notes receivable to account for the likelihood that Sunrise may never collect their full amount. Carter objected and threatened to dismiss Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford if the auditor demands that the bank record the loss. Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford want to keep Sunrise as a client. In fact, Smith, Godfroy, and Hannaford were counting on the revenue from the Sunrise audit to finance an expansion of the auditing firm. See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Discussion questions: 1. What is the ethical issue in this situation? 2. What are the alternative decisions for Smith, Godfroy and Hannaford to consider? 3. Who are the stakeholders in this situation? what are the possible consequences to each stakeholder? Analyze from the following standpoints: (a) economic, (b) legal, and (c) ethical. 4. If you were the auditor, what would you do? How would you justify your decision? Case 2: St Genevieve Petroleum Company is an independent oil producer in Baton Parish, Louisiana. In February, company geologists discovered a pool of oil that tripled the company’s oil reserves. Prior to disclosing the new oil reserves to the public, St. Genevieve quietly bought most of its shares back from current shareholders. After the announcement of the discovery of new oil reserves, the company’s share price increased from $6 to $27. Discussion questions: 1. What is the ethical issue in this situation? 2. Who are the stakeholders? what are the possible consequences to each stakeholder? Analyze from the following standpoints: (a) economic, (b)Â  legal, and (c) ethical. 3. Place yourself in the role of decision maker. What decision would you have made? Case 3: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the most discussed and debated topic in today’s business environment. Various arguments have been made regarding the relationship between firms’ social responsibility and their financial performance. One view is that firms face a tradeoff between social responsibility and financial performance. The contrasting view is that CSR improves firms’ financial performance ensuing in win-win model. The Baltazar, a chemical company, is considering whether it should maintain several socially responsible actions such as establishing environmental protection procedures, making extensive charitable contributions, promoting community development plans, and maintaining plants in economically depressed locations. The CFO of Baltazar opposes such actions as he believes these actions deviate from the company’s economic goal and they will negatively affect the company’s financial performance. Discussion questions: 1. Explain your view of the social responsibility. 2. What are the potential costs (benefits) of having a low (high) level of social reasonability to a company? 3. Do you think the company should continue or dis-continue these socially responsible actions?

Script The Dolls That Nobody Wanted

AUDIO Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: What’s the matter? Japanese Doll: I’m awake! Boxing Doll: Of course, you’re awake! It’s midnight! Japanese Doll: Midnight! Boxing Doll: All dolls wake up at midnight! Japanese Doll: Do they? Boxing Doll: Everybody knows that! Japanese Doll: Will†¦ will they wake up, too? Boxing Doll: Look. They are dolls aren’t they? And it is midnight, isn’t it? And I told you before – all dolls wake up at midnight! Japanese Doll: Oh! Thank you. VISUAL Boxing Doll moves a little, stretches, yawns, flexes his muscles began to shadowbox. Suddenly Not understanding Loud, slow, clear, trying to be patient with her Frightened Looking at the others Losing his patience Japanese Doll nods in fright Japanese Doll continues to nod Pause, she is all the more frightened because the Boxing Doll talked loud at her. Timidly Boxing Doll: I’m Sorry! Japanese Doll: Sorry? Boxing Doll: For hollering. You wouldn’t know because you’re new. Japanese Doll: I was only made today. Boxing Doll: You’re pretty! Japanese Doll: Am I, Am I really pretty? Boxing Doll: I think you’re beautiful! Maybe somebody will buy you. Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: I don’t see why somebody didn’t buy you today. The shop was full; everybody wanted dolls. Why didn’t somebody buy you? Japanese Doll: Is it good to be bought? Boxing Doll: Yes! Japanese Doll: Why? Boxing Doll: It’s the best thing that could ever happen to a doll ? to be bought, to be brought home; to be owned by somebody, to be loved. Japanese Doll: How do you know? Boxing Doll: Never mind. I know. Japanese Doll: Did somebody buy you? Boxing Doll: Yes. Japanese Doll: Then why are you here in the toy shop? Boxing Doll: They†¦. they brought me back. Japanese Doll: Oh! Please don’t cry! Boxing Doll: I’m not crying! Boxing dolls never cry! Japanese Doll: Who bought you? Boxing Doll: A man†¦a real big man. He was always laughing. He came into the shop,right through that door and he looked at the baby dolls, and said â€Å"No! † Then looked at the soldier dolls and said â€Å"Maybe† Then he looked at me and said â€Å"Yes, sir! This is the one! † and he picked me right up! Japanese Doll: Did he like you? Boxing Doll: He put me on the counter and he said to the toymaker, â€Å"I like this one. Does he box? † Japanese Doll: Do you box? Japanese Dolls smiles and is not afraid anymore. Walking around her Happy Sober judgment. This is too much for Japanese Doll. She looks down blushes. Wondering Curious With emotion Wondering Brushing away his tears, because a boxing doll should never cry Guessing This is the worst shame for any doll Touched. She puts her hand on his shoulder. Boxing doll is crying Ashamed, angry Remembering his days of glory Proud Breathless with excitement Boxing Doll: Sure, I box! The toymaker wound me up, and I worked out, right there on the counter! And when he saw me working out, the big man laughed and slapped his knee and said, â€Å"That’s exactly what I want! I’ll take five of those! I want a boxing stable for my little boy. † Japanese Doll: A stable? Boxing Doll: That’s what you call when a man owns many boxers. Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: So he took me home! Japanese Doll: Right then? Boxing Doll: Right then! He said to the toymaker: â€Å"You can send the other four, but I’ll carry this one! † And he brought me to his office! Japanese Doll: Ooooh! Boxing Doll: I worked out for all the men. They stood me on the floor and I worked out. Japanese Doll: Did they like you? Boxing Doll: Everybody liked me! And that night he took me home, and he showed me to his wife, at night, after the little boy was in bed. I was a secret! Japanese Doll: Why secret? Boxing Doll: I was a Christmas present! Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: Then they put me in a big drawer, with many other beautiful presents, but I was the only doll! Japanese Doll: How nice! Boxing Doll: At night I would talk to the necklace, and to the fountain pen, and to the eggbeater. Japanese Doll: An eggbeater! Boxing Doll: It was a beautiful silver eggbeater. Japanese Doll: Oh! But how did you get back here? Boxing Doll: Oh. . . that!. . . Yeah. . . The other boxing dolls arrived. The four of them. Japanese Doll: And what happened? Boxing Doll: Well, one night the big man took me out of the drawer. He said: â€Å"Come on, champ. † That’s what he call me, champ. He said: â€Å"Come on, champ. We have some sparring partners for you. † So he set me up against another boxing doll, and that other boxing doll Pitying her for her ignorance Humbly Proud Excited Happy for his triumph Modesty. Shadowboxing Pause Lost in memories Defending his fellow presents Boxing Doll is smiling with the memories Brought back to earth Proud hit me, and I fell down! Japanese Doll: No! Boxing Doll: Yes! I fell down. So the big man stood me up again, and said: â€Å"Come on, champ. Go get him. † This time I tried real hard, but the other boxing doll hit me only once, and I fell down again! Japanese Doll: No! Boxing Doll: Yes! He tried me against all the other four, and each one knocked me down immediately. When the other four boxed with each other, they stayed up, but if any of them boxed with me, I fell down. Japanese Doll: Did you get hurt? Boxing Doll: My paint was scratched†¦ Well, the big man picked me up and said to his wife: â€Å"Marge†¦ that was her name ? Marge†¦ He said: â€Å" Marge, you better take this one back and exchange it. There’s something wrong with its equilibrium. † Japanese Doll: Equi†¦ equi†¦. Boxing Doll: E – qui – lib – ri – um. That means balance. Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: So they put me back in the drawer. And that night, at midnight, when we all woke up, the other boxing dolls told me that they were very sorry. Japanese Doll: They shouldn’t have knocked you down! Boxing Doll: No. It wasn’t their fault. A boxing doll has to box†¦ It was my fault! I couldn’t stand up†¦ I’m defective. Japanese Doll: You’re not! Boxing Doll: Yes, I am. I’m defective†¦So I crept out of the drawer and went to bed of the little boy ? the one who was supposed to get me ? and the painting angels where there. Japanese Doll: The Painting angels? Boxing Doll: The angels who paint the lines on your face at night†¦ nd the painting angels told me that the little boy was dreaming of me! Japanese Doll: How old was the little boy? Boxing Doll: Three†¦with black curls on his forehead†¦He never saw me, except in that dream†¦So I kissed him goodbye†¦and I went back to the drawer †¦ and â⠂¬ ¦. And†¦. And here I am. Horrified Slowly He chokes a little Japanese Doll: Couldn’t†¦couldn’t the toymaker fix you? Boxing Doll: He never tried†¦ I’m the doll that nobody wanted. Japanese Doll: I like you! . . I†¦ I think you’re a very nice doll. Boxing Doll: Thanks†¦ I†¦ I hope somebody buys you. Japanese Doll: You think they might? Boxing Doll: Sure. . . ou’re very pretty. Somebody will buy you. . . Japanese Doll: Oh! Boxing Doll: What’s the matter? Japanese Doll: My left arm! Boxing Doll: What’s the matter with your left arm? Japanese Doll: I don’t have one! French Soldier: Viola! Merci beaucoup! Dou pain s’il vous plait. Chevrolet coupe. What goes on here? Boxing Doll: She doesn’t have any left arm! Siamese Virgin: The poor, poor thing! Chinese Maiden: Never mind. You are very beautiful. Even with only one arm. You are very beautiful. Japanese Doll: But nobody will ever buy me , with only one arm! Muslim Warrior: Maybe the toymaker could sell you at half price! Japanese Doll: Half price! Igorot Dancer: Couldn’t the toymaker give her another arm? Boxing Doll: He won’t. He never does. French Soldier: He makes no effort to repair us. Mias non! No effort! Japanese Doll: If he made the rest of me so beautiful, could he not give me just one more arm? Siamese Virgin: I do not know why this is so. But he does not repair us. French Soldier: Like my leg. My stiff leg. A leg with no joint! Could he not put a joint? Yes! But does he put a joint? No!†¦. Bah!†¦ Who wants a soldier with a stiff leg! Siamese Virgin: At least your defect is hidden. French Soldier: Yes, at least it is hidden. It’s not so bad. Wanting to console him With the mother instinct Suddenly Startled And sure enough, she has no left arm! All the other dolls begin to wake just now, and they wake up faster because both Japanese doll and boxing doll are very excited over this new discovery. She kisses the Japanese doll In tears Bursting into tears In tears She is very calm and quiet. There is no resentment in her. Fierce, angry. He marches around. His right leg is rigid. Quietly Ashamed Japanese Doll: Where are your hands? Siamese Virgin: Did you notice only now? Chinese Maiden: She has no hands. Siamese Virgin: It does not matter. French Soldier: It does! It does matter! The toy maker is unjust! He has been unjust to all of us! Japanese Doll: To all? Boxing Doll: We are all defective. Siamese Virgin: We are the dolls that nobody wanted. French Soldier: She has no hands, but she has very sweet disposition. She is the kindest of all the dolls! Chinese Maiden: That is true. Igorot Dancer: Do not feel badly, because you have one arm. I am a dancing doll. All my sisters are dancing dolls. But I cannot dance†¦. My sisters are most graceful†¦ All of them were bought†¦. But look at me†¦. No one wants a dancing doll that cannot dance. Muslim Warrior: I’ll kill him! I’ll kill the toymaker! Igorot Dancer: He only says that. He can’t kill anybody. Muslim Warrior: Yes†¦ That is my defect†¦ I cannot draw my kris†¦ All my brothers could. They could draw, and brandish their blades above their heads, and fight! But I†¦. I am a Muslim warrior, whose hands stops right here. Igorot Dancer: It is better that way. Muslim Warrior: You are a dancer who cannot dance, and I am a warrior who cannot fight. Both of us are doomed to stay in this shop forever. Chinese Maiden: It is a beautiful shop. Japanese Doll: I don’t see anything wrong with you? Chinese Maiden: That is because I am sitting down. Japanese Doll: What is he trying to say? Boxing Doll: The Chinese maiden ? she has no feet. Chinese Maiden: It is nothing. Japanese Doll: What is the matter with him? Boxing Doll: He can’t talk. Japanese Doll: Should he be able to talk? I’m sorry. What is he trying to say? Suddenly, to the Siamese Virgin Quietly Defending the Siamese Virgin To the Japanese doll She moves and her motions are stiff, jerky awkward Savage Gently Sadly He tries to draw his kris, and the hand comes to a sudden stop six inches from the scabbard Gently Dejected Walking around the Chinese maiden The American Indian makes signs, slaps his moccasined feet and makes an negative gesture with his hand. With a gentle gesture of the hands Pointing to the American Indian The American Indian makes eloquent signs, telling her many things. She is embarrassed Turns to the boxing doll Boxing Doll: That his brothers ? all of them ? could talk. Not only talk, but whoop and holler. That is why they were all bought, because they had such a splendid wharl whoop. But this one—he is a silent redskin. Nobody wants him. Chinese Maiden: He is very good. Japanese Doll: We all have defects. Boxing Doll: Yes. Japanese Doll: We are the dolls that nobody wanted. Boxing Doll: Yes. French Soldier: It is the fault of the toymaker! Muslim Warrior: He didn’t have to make us all defective! Boxing Doll: He didn’t have to make me so that I always fall down! French Soldier: Why am I cripple? Because he wanted me to be a cripple? Boxing Doll: Right! French Soldier: The toymaker is wicked and evil! Boxing Doll: Right! Muslim Warrior: Let us destroy him! Boxing Doll: Right! Siamese Virgin: How can you destroy him? We were nothing. He made us. Should we not be grateful for our hands and eyes? Hands are wonderful. Igorot Dancer: All things are wonderful. Boxing Doll: I am a boxer who can never win. Igorot Dancer: Even defeat is wonderful. French Soldier: Women! Bah! Siamese Virgin: He made us out of his mind. He never went to Siam. He never saw out temples there. He never saw a Siamese Virgin. He read of us in books, and he dreamed. He dreamed of me, and made me, and loved me. Should I not be grateful? French Soldier: Loved you? When he gave you no hands? Siamese Virgin: I do not know why I have no hands. But there is a reason. I am sure there is a reason. French Soldier: Your sisters had hands! Siamese Virgin: Ah, yes! My sisters! They were beautiful!. . . do you remember the first night we were made? Do you remember how we danced? French Soldier: I remember. Boxing Doll: I remember. Muslim Warrior: I remember. Defending the American Indian. The Indian kneels beside her and she puts her hand to his forehead. The American Indian makes signs Quietly, to the French Soldier. The male dolls are crestfallen. They are helpless and know it. Fiercely Puzzled, a little confident Dreaming Japanese Doll: I was not here. I was not yet made. What was it like? Siamese Virgin: Well. . . you see. . . n Siam the music is a little different. The music is like this. . . Japanese Doll: Beautiful! French Soldier: The very night that they were made, my brothers were made, too! How brave! How gallant! How noble! Ah, if you would have seen them! Japanese Doll: Were they like you? French Soldier: Like me? Cripples? Not they! They were quick, and strong, and discipline! Do you remember how they march ed around the shop? Igorot Dancer: I remember! Chinese Maiden: I remember! Japanese Doll: I wasn’t here. French Soldier: Well. . . with drums. They used drums, see?. . . and everything was in cadence. . . with the rifles. . with the long bayonets. . . the drums beat, the trumpets blared, and then the soldiers came. . . Japanese Doll: Bravo! Were they all bought, your brothers? French Soldier: All but me. Siamese Virgin: The man who bought them – he did not know the soldier dolls as we know them. Franz was the best of all! French Soldier: You are very kind. Siamese Virgin: But Lani – she is a real dancing doll! You should have seen her sisters when they were new! It is wonderful how the toymaker made them! So graceful! You would think they were real! Japanese Doll: That was the first Filipino dance I have ever seen! Igorot Dancer: I do not know if we are Filipinos. She continues to explain, with gestures, and lo, she describe it so vividly that we know longer hear her voice, we really hear the music! And when she describe the dance, you could swear the Siamese dancer were there in the toy shop, dancing! They could not be, of course, but the dolls have powerful imagination, and when she finishes, it certainly seems as if we had seen a dance. Contemptuous of himself It seems as if there are soldiers in the shop At the end of description claps To the Siamese Virgin He kisses her hand To the Japanese doll Pointing to the Igorot Dancer Tom-tom, and by the golly, there are Igorot dancer! They are real! Well, I guess anything can happen in a toy shop on Christmas eve. Claps when they are gone Muslim Warrior: Of course, you are Filipinos. You were here first! You were here – your people ? even before my people. . . And my people – we came at the dawn of history! Japanese Doll: Who are your people? Muslim Warrior: The Muslims! My brothers. . . My people. . . Igorot Dancer: Our people! Muslim Warrior: Yes. . . North and South. . . different dress, different food, different dances, different tongues, but. . . Igorot Dancer: One heart. Muslim Warrior: Yes, one heart. Japanese Doll: Did your brothers dance? Boxing Doll: Well, not exactly dance. We . . . we worked out. Japanese Doll: You always say that. Worked out. What is â€Å"worked out†? Boxing Doll: Well. .we . . . we just. . . work out. I mean . . . we well, skip rope, and then we punch the light bag. The rope skipping is for footwork. The light bag is to make your eyes quick, and to give you timing. Then calisthenics, and weight pulling, and the heavy bag, and then sparring. Japanese Doll: I do not understand a single word. Boxing Doll: Look. . . I will explain. Roadwork. Let’s start with roadwork. . . Japanese Doll: Ah! I see! Boxing Doll: Whew, what a workout! Japanese Doll: Workout? Boxing Doll: Oh, no! No! That means another thing. I mean. . . Is that so? Oho! Oho! Is that so? Japanese Doll: Don’t fight! Boxing Doll: He says his brothers could lick my brothers any day in the week. And twice on Sunday! He says his brothers could beat my brothers six times a week and twice on Sunday. Chinese Maiden: He comes from San Beda. Boxing Doll: I’d like to see your brothers. I’d just like to see ‘em. Proudly. And there they are! They look fierce and can certainly swing a kris. They don’t have any trouble getting them out of the scabbards. To the Boxing doll Desperate. Boxers are working out in the toy shop. At end Mopping brow Suddenly American Indians signs to the Boxing Doll. The American Indians signs again. Boxing Doll looks tough. The American Indians signs. Boxing Doll is enraged. Happy The American Indian claps his hands, and. . Japenese Doll: How wild! How blood-thirsty! Is he wild? Chinese Maiden: He is very gentle. Japanese Doll: What does he say? Chinese Maiden: He says you ought to see my sisters. He says my sisters are very lovely. Japanese Doll: What does he say? What is he saying? Boxing Doll: He says that of all the Chinese dolls that the toymaker made, the loveliest is Lau Ying. Japanese Doll: The loveliest is Lau Ying. Who is Lau Ying? Chinese Maiden: Even though I cannot walk? Japanese Doll: I can translate that! He says that you are by far the loveliest, even though you cannot walk. Chinese Maiden: You should have seen my sisters. Japanese Doll: Did. . . Did I have any sisters? Boxing Doll: You did! Japanese Doll: Many? Boxing Doll: Many. Japanese Doll: Where are they? Boxing Doll: They were all bought. Japanese Doll: All bought, except me. Boxing Doll: The toymaker made you last, just today, after all the others were sold. Japanese Doll: He must have made me in a hurry, to have forgotten my arm. there they are! In fact, you hear them long before you see them because they come howling and whooping into the shop, complete with tomahawks and almost scalp the Boxing Doll but the silent Indian stop them. When they are gone. To the Chinese Maiden pointing to the silent Indian. Putting her hand on the Indians arm. The American Indian signs eagerly. To the Chinese Maiden. The American Indian signs again eagerly. She flushes with happiness. The American Indian signs again earnestly and she hangs her head silently. The Chinese Maiden shakes her head and will not talk. Her eyes are on the ground. The American Indian signs again earnestly. Japanese Doll looks at the Boxing Doll. Carefully Pauses while she thinks about this. Suddenly. Boxing Doll points to the Chinese Maiden. The American Indian nods contentedly. Looks up at him. The American Indians signs to her. Happy. The Chinese Maiden looks at her. Shakes her head sadly The sisters come gracefully; they are all lovely but Lau Ying is the loveliest of them all. When they are gone Hangs her head in shame Siamese Virgin: The toymaker is never in a hurry. Japanese Doll: Then why did he forget? Siamese Virgin: The toymaker never forgets. Japanese Doll: You mean. . . you mean he left my arm off deliberately? Boxing Doll: Yes. French Soldier: He made us all defective, deliberately. Japanese Doll: How cruel! Siamese Virgin: There must be a reason. French Soldier: The reason is that he is a mean and a wicked toymaker! Siamese Virgin: Don’t say that! Japanese Doll: But my sisters – my beautiful sisters – they all had arms? Siamese Virgin: Yes, they all had arms. Boxing Doll: Why? Japanese Doll: Why what? Boxing Doll: Why do I fall down? French Soldier: Why is my leg stiff? Igorot Dancer: Why am I so awkward? Muslim Warrior: Why does my hand stop, right here? Siamese Virgin: It is not because the toymaker is defective. He could have made us perfect, if he wanted to. Japanese Doll: But he didn’t want to. Boxing Doll: Why? First Painting Angel: Why, what? Second Painting Angel: Yes, why, what? Boxing Doll: Why did the toymaker make us all defective? Japanese Doll: Who are they? Siamese Virgin: They are the Painting Angels. Japanese Doll: Painting Angels? Siamese Virgin: Yes. At night they go around while people are asleep and paint the thought lines into all their faces. First Painting Angels: It’s wonderful work! You know where we just were? Looks from one doll to the other. They hang their heads. Tries not to cry Tries to defend the toymaker. Consoles her, the Japanese girls come softly into the toy shop, and maybe. . . maybe. . . these are the prettiest of all. They have fans, of course, and parasols, and this helps them to look beautiful. When the Japanese dolls are gone, all are silent, all thinking the same thing. Tries to draw his kris for a thousandth time, and angry Loud, clear, strong, voicing the silent rebellion of all of them. Two little angels pop in the toy shop. They carry paint and brushes. Boxing Doll: Where? Second Painting Angels: At the toymaker’s! First Painting Angels: We were painting the thought lines I his face. On Christmas Eve the thoughts of everyone are beautiful, but the toymaker’s thoughts – they were the prettiest of all! Boxing Doll: What was he thinking of? Second Painting Doll: He was thinking of you. Boxing Doll: Us? First Painting Angel: Yes, all of you. He was thinking of the dolls that nobody wanted. Boxing Doll: What was he thinking about us? French Soldier: Was he sorry because of the money he lost when nobody bought us? First Painting Angel: No. Muslim Warrior: Was he gloating over our misery? Was he happy because we are sick? Second Painting Angel: Oh, no! Japanese Doll: Angel, what was he thinking? First Painting Angel: Well, he always thinks of all the dolls he has made. He loves every one. Boxing Doll: Loves! Ha! First Painting Angel: Yes. He loves every one. But he cannot keep any, because he is such a good toymaker that all his dolls are beautiful and so people buy them. As soon as he makes a doll, someone falls in love with it and buys it. He wants to keep his favorite dolls, but he cannot, because he is a toymaker and he has to sell whatever people want to buy. Boxing Doll: What has that to do with us? First Painting Angel: I’m getting to it. Everytime the toymaker sells a doll we have to paint a little sad line into his face, because he loves each doll so much. But tonight – tonight he was thinking of you, and all the lines are smiling lines. Japanese Doll: Why, angel? Boxing Doll: Why? French Soldier: Why? Siamese Virgin: Angel, please tell us why? First Painting Angel: You are the dolls that he loves most†¦He always loved you best Grimly Cheerfully Casually Snorting in contempt Fierce Quietly in earnest even before he made you, even when you existed only in his mind. And he knew, from his long experience with toys, that if he made you perfect you would go away from him. So he made your leg stiff, soldier. And he left off your hands my little virgin. And he made you so you could not win. And he made you so you could not win. He made you so you would always lose, and would be his, forever. Japanese Doll: You mean. . . he wants us. . for himself? Second Painting Angel: You are the ones whom the toymaker loves. First Painting Angel: There was no other way to keep you. Siamese Virgin: I knew there was a reason! Second Painting Angel: You see, the toymaker always thinks of all his toys. He never forgets a single one! Tonight, while he was sleeping, they were dancing through his head, all of them, the Siamese Temple Girls, and the brave French Soldiers. . . Second Painting Angel: They are always in his mind, even when he should be sleeping – the Igorot Dancing Girls and the Muslim Warriors. . . He never forgets them, no matter how far apart they are, even if they are on the opposites sides of the earth – the American Indians and the lovely Chinese Maidens. . . He never forgets you, sweet little Japanese Doll, even though you have only one arm. . . and he never forgets you, Boxing Doll, even though you never win. . First Painting Angel: But you. . . the defective ones. . . you are the ones he wants for himself. Of all the toys that the toymaker has made, he loves you the best. Second Painting Angel: That’s why you’re defective, soldier. Sighing deeply Across the shop, the soldiers and the maidens dance, just as they danced across the mind o f the toymaker. Together they dance Together they dance. They claim the American Indians came originally from China, over the Bering Sea, and when you see them dance together you think maybe this is true. . . The Japanese Dolls and the boxers, all mixed up, are in the mind of the toymaker. Putting her hand on the shoulder of the French Soldier. Suddenly, the clock strikes, all stop, frozen, listening. One – two – three- four – five – six! Boxing Doll: Six o’clock! Muslim Warrior: Here comes the toymaker! Toymaker: Poor little Chinese Doll! You feel rejected. When all the other dolls were bought, and you were left – it was like a slap in the face. . . like a slap in the face. . . Roman Soldier: Answerest thou the highest priest so? The Man: If I had done evil, give me testimony of the evil. But if well, why strikest thou me? Toymaker: My warrior. . . my warrior who cannot fight. . . he other dolls were taken and you were left here. You were rejected. Others were chosen, instead of you. . . that is painful. I know. . . Crowd: Barabas! Barabas! Give us Barabas! Pilate: But what shall I do with him? Crowd: Crucify him! Crucify him! Pilate: Shall I crucify your king? Crowd: We have no king but Caesar! Barabas! Free Barabas! Away wit h this man! Crucify him! We have n king but Caesar! At the door, loud, strong, clear. The dolls hurry back to the position they were in when we first saw them, in the blue moonlight. The two angel steal softly away. The toymaker opens his door and comes in. He is a white haired, gentle old man, and we can see his face the lines that the painting angels have painted – the sad lines and the smiling lines. He goes from doll to doll, looking at each one. He stops to look at the Chinese Doll. Music: Chinese theme Gently Outside of the shop, somewhere beyond the street, we see a man standing with his hands bound, and two Roman Soldiers standing beside him. Harshly. The soldier turns and slaps the man across the face. We hear the slap, loud and clear. Slowly, the man disappears and we see the street again. The toymaker goes to the French Soldier. (Music: The French man’s theme) Then he goes to the Igorot Dancer. (Music: Igorot theme) He also moves to the Muslim Warrior (Music: Muslim theme) Gently Somewhere outside the shop, and beyond the street, we see a white balcony. A man is standing on the balcony, with his hands bound behind him. Pilate, the governor, is bending over the white rail. Pilate washes his hands. The crowd shouts A Lone Harsh Voice: Barabas! Toymaker: My Boxing Doll. . . you are always falling down. . . you lost in public. . . you were shamed and humiliated. . . you fell, not dance, but many times. . . that is painful. I remember. The Man: Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they do! Boxing Doll: Lord, remember me! French Soldier: Remember me! Muslim Warrior: Remember me! The Man: This day. . . this day thou shalt be with me. . . in paradise! Triumphantly. Slowly the balcony fades, and we see the street again. The toymaker goes to the Siamese Virgin and looks at her, his head to one side. (Music: The Siamese Theme) Toymaker goes to the American Indian and looks at him with love. (Music: Indian Theme) He goes to the Japanese Doll (Music: Japanese theme) Finally, he goes the Boxing Doll. Outside the shop, and beyond the street, we see the man carrying his cross. He is flanked by two soldiers and two workmen, who have hammers and nails. . . The man falls. The crowd roars. The two soldiers lift the man to his feet. They strip off his clothing. One of the soldiers carries the clothing away triumphantly. The other soldier forces the man down on the cross. The workmen nail him to it. We hear the sound of the hammers. Nailing is finished. . . The cross is elevated. The man hangs there while the soldiers roll dice for the robe, and the workmen sit at the foot of the cross. Suddenly wheeling toward the cross. Suddenly turning toward the cross. Turning toward the cross. The American Indian makes a painful, inarticulate sound which means Remember me. The girl dolls turn slowly to the cross and lift up their arms in supplication. On the cross Slowly, the cross fades and we see the street again. The dolls turn toward the door of the toymaker. He is standing there, with his arms outstretched. The dolls turn to their original position. Slowly the toymaker comes down the steps and goes to the Boxing Doll and the Japanese Doll. He stands between them, looking from one to the other. Then he puts his hand, gently, on the shoulder of the Boxing Doll. Music-up full to finish.