Blueprint

In Previous existing systems, actually there are several major problems are occurred. In that mainly concentrate on buddy-list search problem. This problem Is take place when huge numbers of messages are occurred continuously. By cause of this search problem, time for passing of messages Is very slow I. E. , time Is delayed to reach particular message to the destination. The reason for occurring this type of problem is ‘overloaded messages'. I. E. , by cause of overloaded messages this buddy-list search problem is occurred. It is sometimes called as ‘scalability problem'.Search cost is also called as ‘communication cost'. When a user arrives, the total number of messages produced by the presence server is nothing but search cost. Search satisfaction is nothing but, time it takes to search the user's arriving buddy list. When the buddy-list search problem is occurred, at that situation there is a chance to delay the message passing. By this cause time is delayed. At the same time, there is need to store that message temporarily up to reach to destination. By this cause, here require extra space to store that message In temporary memory. I. E. , Like cache memory.This Is also one of the problem In already existing systems. The expected number of search messages generated by this AS (presence server) node per unit Is â€Å"(n-l If ‘n' AS nodes present, S = n*(n-l)*(l-n)*u = no*WWW = n*p/4 (I. E. , u= p In) 6. COST EVOLUTIONS The previous existing systems are facing different types of problems. Those are like, buddy-list search problem, which is occurred by cause of overloaded messages. Searching actions are very slow. And then there is a chance to occur the network traffic. And also high constant search latency is appeared. Here, Maintenance cost is also named as search cost.When user arrives, the total number of messages produced by the presence server is nothing but search cost. When user arrives, time it spends to find the user's online buddy list Is nothing but search satisfaction. User is satisfied with mobile presence services when those services are worked properly & at the same time, when the cost for maintenance Is less or cheap. I. E. , when communication cost Is less, then users are attracted to utilize the mobile presence services. Formula for, reducing the communication cost when any data can be where, ‘n' is distance between any 2 AS nodes. Figure 8. 1: Presence Cloud server overlayIn Figure 8. 1, For example, we consider ‘9' AS nodes are present in Presence Cloud for distributing the messages or data. If node'8†² is want to send the data to node'3†². I. E. , 803 (consider node ‘2' is intermediate node). Here, two possibility paths are there. First, node ‘8' is directly go to node ‘3' (Consider the distance between node ‘8' & node ‘3' is 3 SMS I. E. , 803 = sums). Second, AS ‘8' is send data to AS ‘2' first and then AS ‘2' send that d ata to AS ‘3'. (Consider distance between 802 = 2. 5 SMS & 203 = 0. 5 km). Now, calculate the communication cost by using the above formula.In this testing, tester tests an application on outside knowledge of an application. Test engineers are involved in this testing. Gray Box Testing & black box testing. I. E. , it is conducted based on both white box & black box testing. Regression Testing Regression testing is defines as, tester should perform the test on system which is already tested before; When conducted test before, at that time outcomes results to made any changes are necessary, at that situation this regression testing perform once again to that system in order to rectify or modify according to user requirements.Acceptance Testing Acceptance testing is performed based on producing any types of inputs at that time t accepts those inputs & produces the exact and correct outcomes. I. E. , it can accept developer's inputs in order to produce best correct results. Stress Testing Stress testing is conducted based on producing the wrong inputs to the system at that time, the system is I. E. , here, developer is given fault inputs to his proposed system at that situation also output is produced exact & successive outcomes. In this project, we are performing the two testing. Those are ‘acceptance testing & stress testing.These testing are used to test this presence cloud project in order to provide best outcomes. . E. , provide best presence services through mobiles. 10. 2 -rest cases Test cases are constructed based on the inputs giving in order to get correct outputs. These practical outputs are comparing with the expected values or results. At that time, those two outputs are either matched or reach at least nearing to expected outputs. Test cases are dividing into two categories. Those are, Positive test cases Negative test cases These test cases are explained by using tables. In that each column specifies one some approaches.In first column we mention the test case description. In column 2, mention actual value which is produced by the system.For avoiding various existing problems in previous existing systems, here, we introduced or reposed the ‘Presence cloud' system. In order to avoid the almost all problems in existing systems. For providing best mobile presence services, here, using some effective modules. These modules are given full of support to avoid existing problems in order to provide best presence services. In future work, we have a chance to extend our proposed system more effectively. For achieving this, we are performed several operations. In proposed system (I. E. , presence cloud) should not address the presence server authentication problem.At that situation, there is a chance to hack he user's accounts by unauthorized peoples. I. E. , hackers or attackers, or malicious attackers. So, here, there is no privacy for the user accounts. And also another problem is occurred in presence cloud overlay module which is presented in presence cloud. That is, in that overlay, the direction between the each node to another node is unilateral. In future work, we are providing the security for authentication for the users. In order to protect the user accounts from the attackers or hackers. In future work, we provide bi-directions between each node for exchanging data between users.

The Meiji Restoration

university of georgia| The Meiji Period made Japan big! | Midterm Question 2| | christian driver| 10/23/2012| | The Meiji restoration in Japan is known as the end of Japan’s isolationism, and its entrance into the world as a global player. However, the Meiji restoration is chiefly responsible for the development and advancement of Japan as an eastern world power. Japan’s economy was greatly bolstered and new philosophies and ideals from the west flooded in. These ideas opened minds to different ways of thought.The reason the Meiji restoration took place is due to the western powers and cultural and political turmoil. When the â€Å"black ships† arrived in Japan, the Tokugawa shogun realized that they were technologically outclassed by the western nations, he agreed to treaties that put the west at an advantage, and Japan at a disadvantage. Many leaders were angered by these treaties and feared that Japan would share the same fate as many other Asian countries. Th us, the Meiji emperor was â€Å"restored† to power, but he did not rule directly.He was expected to accept the advice of the daimyo that had overthrown the shogun, and it was from this group that a small number of ambitious, able and patriotic young men from the lower ranks of the samurai emerged, to take control and establish the new political system. At first, their only strength was that the emperor accepted their advice. In addition several powerful feudal domains provided military support. They moved quickly, however to build their own military and economic control.By July 1869, the feudal lord had been requested to give up their domains, and in 1871 these domains were abolished and transformed into prefectures of a unified central state. The abolition of feudalism made tremendous social and political changes possible. Because of the Meiji reforms millions of people were suddenly free to choose their occupation and move about without restrictions. By providing a new envi ronment of political and financial security, the government made investments in new industries and technologies possible.The government led the way by building railways and shipping lines, telegraph and telephone systems; three shipyards, ten mines, five munitions works, and fifty three consumer industries (making sugar, glass, textiles. cement. chemicals, and other important products)[Taira,85]. This was very expensive, however and strained government finances, so that in 1880 the government decided to sell most of these industries to private investors, encouraging such activity though subsidies and other incentives.Some of the daimyo and merchants who built these industries established major corporate conglomerates called zaibatsu, which controlled much of japans modern industrial sector. The government also introduced national educational systems and a constitution creating an elected parliament called the diet. They did this to provide a good environment for national growth, win the respect of the westerners, and build support for the modern state.In the Tokugawa period, popular education had spread rapidly, and by 1872 the government established a national system to educate the entire population. By the end of the Meiji period, almost everyone attended the free public schools for at least six years. The government closely controlled the schools; making sure that in addition to the skills like mathematics and reading all students studied â€Å"moral training†, which stressed the importance of their duty to the emperor, the country and their families [Fridell, 823].Catching up on the military sector was a high priority for Japan in the era of European and American imperialism. To win the recognition of the western powers and convince them to change the unequal treaties that Japan had been forced to sign in the 1850’s, Japan changed its entire legal system, adopting a new criminal and civil code modeled after those of France and Germany. The we stern nations finally agreed to revise the treaties in 1894, acknowledging Japan as a equal in principle, although not as an international power.Universal conscription was introduced, a new modeled army after the Prussian force, and a navy modeled after the British was established which led to new conflicts of interest in Korea and Manchuria. This time between Russia and Japan , led to the Russo-Japanese war in 1904-05. The Japanese army won this war, gaining territory and finally some international respect. Japan further increased its influence on Korea and annexed it completely in 1910 [parsons,23]. In Japan, the success in war caused nationalism to increase ven more, and other Asian nations also started to develop national self confidence. The relatively quick success of the Japanese was not to be attributed mainly to external factors, such as the impact of the west on Japan, because other countries of comparable experience or size reacted quite differently to external variants a nd pressures. The reasons should rather be sought in internal changes, such as the great homogeneity of the Japanese people and their strong self-identity. Their awareness of the possibilities of learning abroad was also a distinct advantage.Even the social tensions of the late Tokugawa times were an asset to a country facing great changes. And it should be remembered that, though Japan was preindustrial in economy and feudal in political pattern, its economic and political institutions were highly complex and sophisticated. The country had standards of bureaucratic rule that did not suffer by comparison with the west in honesty or efficiency. With perhaps 45 percent of its men and 15 percent of its women literate, Japan also was not far behind the leading countries of the West in literacy levels.Another important factor was that the change could be justified by Japanese minds, not through newly learned foreign concepts, such as democracy or, later, communism, but by Japan’s own ancient system of imperial rule. The utilization of a native ideology undoubtedly smoothed an otherwise wrenching change and made it somewhat less traumatic. Japan became a very robust nation with as much potential as any western country. The Meiji reforms helped create an industrial, capitalist state with a powerful economy and military.The government also introduced a constitution by creating an elected parliament called the diet to win the respect of westerns and to generate a good environment for national growth. Japan gained recognition by the West and stayed an independent country. The Meiji restoration was very significant and fundamental for Japanese economy and the recognition of the rest of the world. Millions of people were suddenly free to choose their occupation and move without trouble.The main effect of the Meiji restoration was that it formed a strong, unified and centralized government which regulated all the aspects of society and in addition the government set up new universities and new school to teach people the modern technology. Work sited Cite your info here, this is an example of how to do it! Straight copied and pasted from the jstor: The Abdominal Skeleton of Tropidurid Lizards (Squamata: Tropiduridae) Omar Torres-Carvajal Herpetologica , Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar. , 2004), pp. 75-83 Published by: Herpetologists' League Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org. proxy-remote. galib. uga. du/stable/3893573 This is how you edit it ! Omar Torres-Carvajal,The Abdominal Skeleton of Tropidurid Lizards (Squamata: Tropiduridae), Herpetologica , Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar. , 2004), pp. 75-83,Herpetologists' League, http://www. jstor. org. proxy-remote. galib. uga. edu/stable/3893573 Remember to catalogue multiple citations in alphabetical order and to indent every line after the first one. Take out extra words such as â€Å"Published by†, etc. and try to remove the hyperlinks! Everything else is edited, but since I did not receive the citation s you have to edit this yourself! Good luck and see you tomorrow in class!

Contract Case Study Essay

1.Adams orders one thousand widgets at $5 per widget from International Widget to be delivered within sixty days. After the contract is consummated and signed, Adams requests that International deliver the widgets within thirty days rather than sixty days. International agrees. Is the contractual modification binding? Yes the contract modification is binding because both parties agreed to the modification before the widgets were delivered. When Adams requested the new shipping method and International agreed to the new terms. In problem 1, what effect, if any, would the following letter have? International Widget: In accordance with our agreement of this date you will deliver the one thousand previously ordered widgets within thirty days. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. (signed) Adams The letter wouldn’t have any affect at all because the contract has already been modified by both parties and had been accepted. It would just be useful if for some reason one of the parties didn’t fulfill their part of the new contract. Browne & Assoc., a San Francisco company, orders from U.S. Electronics, a New York company, ten thousand electronic units. Browne & Assoc.’s order form provides that any dispute would be resolved by an arbitration panel located in San Francisco. U.S. Electronics executes and delivers to Browne & Assoc. its acknowledgment form, which accepts the order and contains the following provision: ‘‘All disputes will be resolved by the State courts of New York.’’ A dispute arises concerning the workmanship of the parts, and Browne & Assoc. wishes the case to be arbitrated in San Fran- cisco. What result The case would be arbitrated in San Fransico because the New York company agreed to their term of â€Å"Browne & Assoc.’s order form provides that any dispute would be resolved by an arbitration panel located in San Francisco† and they didn’t agree to modify the contract to change that. 2. Smith, having contracted to sell to Beyer thirty tons of described fertilizer, shipped to Beyer by carrier thirty tons of fertilizer, which he stated conformed to the contract. Nothing was stated in the contract as to time of payment, but Smith demanded payment as a condition of handing over the fertilizer to Beyer. Beyer refused to pay unless he were given the opportunity to inspect the fertilizer. Who is correct? Explain. Smith is  correct because Beyer contracted him to deliver the thirty tons of fertilizer, and like Smith stated is conformed the contract. Edwin sells a sofa to Jack for $800. Edwin and Jack both know that the sofa is in Edwin’s warehouse, located approximately ten miles from Jack’s home. The contract does not specify the place of delivery, and Jack insists that the place of delivery is either his house or Edwin’s store. Is Jack correct? In my opinion I don’t think jack is correct because it was not stated in a contract that the sofa was to be delivered to jacks home and even with him knowing the sofa was in the warehouse 10 miles away he still purchased the sofa. 6. On November 4, Kim contracted to sell to Lynn 500 sacks of flour at $4 each to be delivered to Lynn by December 12. On November 27, Kim shipped the flour. By December 5, when the shipment arrived, containing only 450 sacks, the market price of flour had fallen. Lynn refused to accept delivery or to pay. Kim shipped 50 more sacks of flour, which arrived December 10. Lynn refused delivery. Kim resold the 500 sacks of flour for $3 per sack. What are Kim’s rights against Lynn? Kim has no rights against Lynn because the order was never fulfilled on her part because Lynn never accepted the shipment of the remaining 50 sacks of flour on December 10. 1. Stein, a mechanic, and Beal, a life insurance agent, entered into a written contract for the sale of Stein’s tractor to Beal for $6,800 cash. It was agreed that Stein would tune the motor on the tractor. Stein fulfilled this obligation and on the night of July 1 telephoned Beal that the tractor was ready to be picked up upon Beal’s making payment. Beal responded, ‘‘I’ll be there in the morning with the money.’’ On the next morning, however, Beal was approached by an insurance prospect and decided to get the tractor at a later date. On the night of July 2, the tractor was destroyed by fire of unknown origin. Neither Stein nor Beal had any fire insurance. Who must bear the loss? Stein will have to bear the loss because even though he fulfilled everything he was suppose to do on the contract Beal never picked up the tractor for him and still had full possession of the tractor on the night of the fire. 7. Smith was approached by a man who introduced himself as Brown of Brown & Co. Brown was not known to Smith, but Smith asked Dun & Bradstreet for a credit report and obtained a very favorable report on Brown. He thereupon sold Brown some expensive gems and billed Brown & Co.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœBrown’’ turned out to be a clever jewel thief, who later sold the gems to Brown & Co. for valuable consideration. Brown & Co. was unaware of ‘‘Brown’s’’ transaction with Smith. Can Smith successfully sue Brown & Co. for either the return of the gems or the price as billed to Brown & Co.? No he cannot sue for the gems because the items were sold to them as a third party and they had no affiliation with the person who went by Brown at all. 9. Brilles offered to sell his used automobile to Nevarro for $12,600 cash. Nevarro agreed to buy the car, gave Brilles a check for $12,600, and drove away in the car. The next day Nevarro sold the car for $13,000 to Hough, a bona fide purchaser. The $12,600 check was returned to Brilles by the bank in which he had deposited it because of insufficient funds in Nevarro’s account. Brilles brings an action against Hou gh to recover the automobile. What judgment? Brilles wouldn’t be able to get his car or money from Hough because the title was transferred over to him by Nevarro not brilles. Brilles would only be able to get his money back from Nevarro. 2. The Talent Company, manufacturer of a widely advertised and expensive perfume, sold a quantity of this product to Young, a retail druggist. Dentley and Bird visited Young’s store and Dent- ley, desiring to make a gift to Bird, purchased from Young a bottle of this perfume, asking for it by its trade name. Young wrapped up the bottle and handed it directly to Bird. The perfume contained a foreign chemical that, upon the first use of the perfume by Bird, severely burned her face and caused a permanent facial disfigurement. What are the rights of Bird, if any, against Dentley, Young, and the Talent Company, respectively? Bird has the right to go after both the Talent Company because they are the ones who made the perfume and are reliable for their products and young because they were the ones selling a product that they have not used and redeemed safe for their coustmers. 4. A route salesperson for Ideal Milk Company delivered a one- half-gallon glass jug of milk to Allen†™s home. The next day, when Allen grasped the milk container by its neck to take it out of his refrigerator, it shattered in his hand and caused serious injury. Allen paid Ideal on a monthly basis for the regular delivery of milk. Ideal’s milk bottles each contained the legend ‘‘Property of Ideal— to be returned,’’ and the route salesperson would pick up the empty bottles when he delivered milk. Can Allen recover damages from  Ideal Milk Company? Why? No Allen wouldn’t be able to recover anything from the milk company because there wouldn’t be enough proof that the milk container was faulty, even though it might have been 10. Plaintiff, while dining at defendant’s restaurant, ordered a chicken potpie. While she was eating, she swallowed a sliver of chicken bone, which became lodged in her throat, causing her serious injury. Plaintiff brings a cause of action. Should she prevail? Why? Yes she would prevail because the food is not s uppose to have bones in it, and the restaurant is going to have to be liable for their product and pay for the plaintiffs injury’s that she suffered from eating at the restaurant. 1. Mae contracted to sell one thousand bushels of wheat to Lloyd at $5.00 per bushel. Just before Mae was to deliver the wheat, Lloyd notified her that he would not receive or accept the wheat. Mae sold the wheat for $4.60 per bushel, the market price, and later sued Lloyd for the difference of $400. Lloyd claims he was not notified by Mae of the resale and, hence, is not liable. Is Lloyd correct? Why? Yes Lloyd is correct because he inform Mae that he didn’t want the bushels any more, which terminated the contract. Then when Mae didn’t deliver them she accepted that the contract was terminated. 9. Calvin purchased a log home construction kit manufactured by Boone Homes, Inc., from an authorized Boone dealer. The sales contract stated that Boone would repair or replace defective materials and that this was the exclusive remedy available against Boone. The dealer assembled the house, which was defective in several respects. The knotholes in the logs caused the walls and ceiling to leak. A support beam was too small and therefore cracked, causing the floor to crack also. These defects could not be completely cured by repair. Should Calvin prevail in a lawsuit against Boone for breach of warranty to recover damages for the loss in value? Yes Calvin would prevail in court because they stated that they would replace or repair defective material, and the material that Calvin received was defective and it cant be repaired so they have to pay for it to get it replaced or replace it them self’s. 16. Serve best contracted to sell Emessee two hundred thousand pounds of 50 percent lean beef trimmings for $105,000. Upon a substantial fall in the market price, Emessee refused to pay the contract price and informed Servebest that the contract was canceled. Servebest sues Emessee for breach of contract, including (a) damages for the difference between the contract price and the resale price of the trimmings, and (b) incidental damages. Decision? Servebest can only recover damages for no acceptance or repudiation because the buyer breached the contract. 1. Roy Rand executed and delivered the following note to Sue Sims: ‘‘Chicago, Illinois, June 1, 2011; I promise to pay to Sue Sims or bearer, on or before July 1, 2011, the sum of $7,000. This note is given in consideration of Sims’s transferring to the undersigned title to her 2002 Buick automobile. (signed) Roy Rand.’’ Rand and Sims agreed to defer delivery of the car to July 1, 2011. On June 15, Sims sold and delivered the note, without endorsement, to Karl Kaye for $6,200. What rights, if any, has Kaye acquired? Kaye has acquired the entire right of the money remaining on the note that Roy needs to pay for the 2002 Buick because Kaye became the bearer when he purchased the note from Slims. 7. Simon Sharpe executed and delivered to Ben Bates a negotiable promissory note payable to the order of Ben Bates for $500. Bates indorsed the note, ‘‘Pay to Carl Cady upon his satisfactorily repairing the roof of my house, (signed) Ben Bates,’’ and delivered it to Cady as a down payment on the contract price of the roofing job. Cady then indorsed the note and sold it to Timothy Tate for $450. What rights, if any, does Tate acquire in the promissory note? Tate would only acquire the promissory note if Cady fulfills his agreement with bates on repairing the roof, because if he does not finish repairing the roof he was never entitled to the check in the first place. 8. Debbie Dean issued a check to Betty Brown payable to the order of Cathy Cain and Betty Brown. Betty indorsed the check ‘‘Payable to Elizabeth East, (signed) Betty Brown.’’ What rights, if any, does Elizabeth acquire in the check? Elizabeth acquires all rights to the check because Betty indorsed the check to her when she wrote on the check â€Å"‘‘Payable to Elizabeth East, (sign ed) Betty Brown.’’ 4. Adams, who reads with difficulty, arranged to borrow $5,000 from Bell. Bell prepared a note, which Adams read laboriously. As Adams was about to sign it, Bell diverted Adams’s attention and substituted the following paper, which was identical to the note Adams had read except that the amounts were different: On June 1, 2011, I promise to pay Ben Bell or order Twelve Thousand Dollars with interest from date at 8 percent. This note is secured by certificate No. 13 for 100 shares of stock of Brookside Mills, Inc. Adams did not detect the substitution, signed as maker, handed the note and stock certificate to Bell, and received from Bell $5,000. Bell indorsed and sold the paper to Fore, a holder in due course, who paid him $10,000. Fore presented the note at maturity to Adams, who refused to pay. What are Fore’s rights, if any, against Adams? Fores has no right again Adams because the contract he signed was not the one they agreed upon and Bell took advantage of him because Bell knew Adams couldn’t see well and switched the contract to make him pay double of the loan with 8% interest. 9. Donna gives Peter a check for $2,500 in return for a laptop computer. The check is dated December 2. Peter transfers the check for value to Howard on December 14, and Howard deposits it in his bank on December 20. In the meantime, Donna has dis- covered that the computer is not what was promised and has stopped payment on the check. If Peter and Howard disappear, may the bank recover from Donna notwithstanding her defense of failure of consideration? What will be the bank’s cause of action? No the bank may not recover the money because the check has already been cashed in by Howard who has nothing to do with the transaction, if Donna had the check and dint cash it then th e bank would be able to stop the check and cancel it. 3. A negotiable promissory note executed and delivered by B to C passed in due course and was indorsed in blank by C, D, E, and F. G, the present holder, strikes out D’s indorsement. What is the liability of D on her indorsement? D would have no liability on the endorsement on the check given by A because his name was taken off the check, which made him not liable for the endorsement anymore. 6. Alpha orally appointed Omega as his agent to find and purchase for him a 1930 Dodge automobile in good condition, and Omega located such a car. Its owner, Roe, agreed to sell and deliver the car on January 10, 2011, for $9,000. To evidence the purchase price, Omega  mailed to Roe the following instrument: December 1, 2010 $9,000.00†¨We promise to pay to the order of bearer Nine Thousand Dollars with interest from date of this instrument on or before January 10, 2011. This note is given in consideration of John Roe’s transferring title to and possession of his 1930 Dodge a utomobile. (Signed) Omega, agent Smith stole the note from Roe’s mailbox, indorsed Roe’s name on the note, and promptly discounted it with Sunset Bank for $8,700. Not having received the note, Roe sold the car to a third party. On January 10, the bank, having discovered all the facts, demanded payment of the note from Alpha and Omega. Both refused payment. (a) What are Sunset Bank’s rights with regard to Alpha and Omega? (b) What are Sunset Bank’s rights with regard to Roe and Smith? Sunset bank would have no rights against omega; the bank could only reaccredit the money stolen from the stolen check and attempt to get the money back from Smith if they can find him. 10. R&A Concrete Contractors, Inc., executed a promissory note that identifies both R&A Concrete and Grover Roberts as its makers. On the reverse side of the note, the following appears: ‘‘X John Ament Sec. & Treas.’’ National Bank of Georgia, the payee, now sues both R&A Concrete and Ament on the note. What rights does National Bank have against R&A and Ament? National Bank has no right against R & A because they are not liable for the payments of the note; they also received full rights to the promissory note when they handed it over to National Bank. 9. Jason, who has extremely poor vision, went to an automated teller machine (ATM) to withdraw $200 on February 1. Joshua saw that Jason was having great difficulty reading the computer screen and offered to help. Joshua obtained Jason’s personal identification number and secretly exchanged one of his old credit cards for Jason’s ATM card. Between February 1 and February 15, Joshua withdrew $1,600 from Jason’s account. On February 15, Jason discovered that his ATM card was missing and immediately notified his bank. The bank closed Jason’s ATM account on February 16, by which time Joshua had withdrawn another $150. What is Jason’s liability, if any, for the unauthorized use of his account? †¨ Jason would have full liability on the unauthorized use of his account, and would be reaccredited from the bank on both the charges made by Joshua on February 15 of 1$1,600 and the second ATM  withdrawal made on February 16 of $150. 10. On July 21, Boehmer, a customer of Birmingham Trust, secured a loan from that bank for the principal sum of $5,500 to purchase a boat allegedly being built for him by A.C. Manufacturing Company, Inc. After Boehmer signed a promissory note, Birmingham Trust issued a cashier’s check to Boehmer and A.C. Manufacturing Company as payees. The check was given to Boehmer, who then forged A.C. Manufacturing Company’s indorsement and deposited the check in his own account at Central Bank. Central Bank credited Boehmer’s account and then placed the legend ‘‘P.I.G.,’’ meaning ‘‘Prior Indorsements Guaranteed,’’ on the check. The check was presented to and paid by Birmingham Trust on July 22. When the loan became delinquent in March of the following year, Birmingham Trust contacted A.C. Manufacturing Company to learn the location of the boat. They were informed that it had never been purchased, and they soon after learned tha t Boehmer had died on January 24 of that year. Can Birmingham Trust obtain reimbursement from Central Bank under Central’s warranty of prior indorsements? Explain. Birmingham trust wouldn’t be able to obtain reimbursement for the indorsement from A.C because the check was forged with their name, the bank could how ever reimburse them if it meets their requirements. 11. Lile, an insurance broker who handled all insurance for Tempo Co., purchased a fire policy from Insurance Company insuring Tempo Co.’s factory against fire in the amount of $1.5 million. Before the policy was delivered to Tempo and while it was still in Lile’s hands, Tempo advised Lile to cancel the policy. Prior to cancellation, however, Tempo suffered a loss. Tempo now makes a claim against Insurance Company on the policy. The premium had been billed to Lile but was unpaid at the time of loss. In an action by Tempo Co. against Insurance Company, what judgment? The Insurance Company would win because they are not responsible for the loss that Tempo suffered since they canceled the Insurance and did not were not paying for the liability insurance. 1. In January, Roger Burke loaned his favorite nephew, Jimmy White, his valuable Picasso painting. Knowing that Jimmy would celebrate his twenty-first birthday on May 15, Burke sent a letter to Jimmy on April 14 stating: à ¢â‚¬ ¨Dear Jimmy,†¨Tomorrow I leave on my annual trip to Europe, and †¨I want to make you a fitting birthday gift, which I do by  sending you my enclosed promissory note. Also I want you to keep the Picasso that I loaned you last January, and you may now consider it yours. Happy birthday! †¨Affectionately, /s/ Uncle Roger †¨The negotiable promissory note for $5,000 sent with the letter was signed by Roger Burke, payable to Jimmy White or bearer, and dated May 15. On May 21, Burke was killed in an automobile accident while motoring in France. †¨First Bank was appointed administrator of Burke’s estate. Jimmy presented the note to the administrator and demanded payment, which was refused. Jimmy brought an action against First Bank as administrator, seeking recovery on the note. The administrator in turn brought an action against Jimmy, seeking the return of the Picasso. †¨(a) What decision in the action on the note? †¨(b) What decision in the action to recover the painting? Jimmy would prevail in court because he was entitled both the painting and the money, when his uncle sent him the letter before he passed away stating that the Picasso & $5000 was a gift for his twenty-first birthday. 1. Kirkland conveyed a farm to Adland to have and to hold for and during his life and upon his death to Rubin. Some years thereafter, oil was discovered in the vicinity. Adland thereupon made an oil and gas lease, and the oil company set up its machinery to commence drilling operations. Rubin thereupon filed suit to enjoin the operations. Assuming an injunction to be the proper form of remedy, what decision? Rubin wouldn’t prevail in court because the oil and gas lease was made when Adland was the owner of the land and had the right to do what ever he pleased with the land until he passed away and had to pass it on to Rubin. 2. Smith owned Blackacre in fee simple absolute. In section 3 of a properly executed will, Smith devised Blackacre as follows: ‘‘I devise my farm Blackacre to my son Darwin so long as it is used as a farm.’’ Sections 5 and 6 of the will made gifts to persons other than Darwin. The last and residuary clause of Smith’s will provided: ‘‘All the residue of my real and personal property not disposed of heretofore in this will, I devise and bequeath to Stanford University.’’ Smith died in 2011, survived by her son Darwin. Smith’s estate has been administered. Darwin has been offered $100,000 for Black acre if he can convey title to it in fee simple. No, Darwin wouldn’t be able to receive the land Black acre from the will because his intention was to sell the land for $100,000 and  not use the land for farming. Which was a requirement under the will that Smith left and if he did not meet those requirements the land would be entitled to someone else stated in section 5 and 6. 7. In her will, Teresa granted a life estate to Amos in certain real estate, with remainder to Brenda and Clive in joint tenancy. All the residue of Teresa’s estate was left to Hillman College. While going to Teresa’s funeral, the car in which Amos, Brenda, and Clive were driving was wrecked. Brenda was killed instantly, Clive died a few minutes later, and Amos died on his way to the hospital. Who is entitled to the real estate in question? Amos, Brenda, and Clive, heirs would be entitled to their portions of the estate that they are receiving from the will in Teresa will, and the rest of Teresa’s will would be given to Hillmans College as stated in the will. 3. Robert and Stanley held legal title of record to adjacent tracts of land, each consisting of a number of five acres. Stanley fenced his five acres in 1986, placing his east fence fifteen feet onto Robert’s property. Thereafter, he was in possession of this fifteen-foot strip of land and kept it fenced and cultivated continuously until he sold his tract of land to Nathan on March 1, 1991. Nathan took possession under deed from Stanley, and continued possession and cultivation of the fifteen-foot strip that was on Robert’s land until May 27, 2011, when Robert, having on several occasions strenuously objected to Nathan’s possession, brought suit against Nathan for trespass. Explain whether Nathan has gained title by adverse possession. Nathan would not prevail in court because the land is owned by Robert and the contract that he had with Stanley was established for them in 1989 and not to Nathan who took over the land on March 1, 1991. 5. On January 1, 2011, Davis and Hershey owned Black acre as tenants in common. On July 1, 2011, Davis made a written contract to sell Black acre to Gregg for $25,000. Pursuant to this contract, Griggs paid Davis $25,000 on August 1, 2011, and Davis executed and delivered to Gregg a warranty deed to Black acre. On February 1, 2012, Hershey quitclaimed his interest in Black acre to Davis. Gregg brings an action against Davis for breach of warranty of title. What judgment? Davis would prevail because he sold him the entire land and not just his portion of Black acre even though he was not entitled to the land  in full. Since Hershey owned a portion of the land the contract needed Hershey’s signature for it to be valid. 8.The city of Boston sought to condemn land in fee simple for use in constructing an entrance to an underground terminal for a subway. The owners of the land contend that no more than surface and subsurface easements are necessary for the terminal entrance and seek to retain air rights above thirty-six feet. The city argues that any building utilizing this airspace would require structural supports that would interfere with the city’s plan for the terminal. The city concedes that the properties around the condemned property could be assembled and structures could be designed to span over the condemned property, in which case the air rights would be quite valuable. Can the city condemn the property? No the city can not condemn this property because they only have the right to the land below the surface if they want to build the entrance 36 feet in the air they would need to get the air rights from the owner. 3. Collins was trustee for Indolent under the will of Indolent’s father. Indolent, a middle-age doctor, gave little concern to the management of the trust fund, contenting himself with receiving the income paid him by the trustee. Among the assets of the trust were one thousand shares of ABC Corporation and one thousand shares of XYZ Corporation. About two years before the termination of the trust, Collins, at a fair price and after full explanation to Indo- lent, purchased from the trust the ABC stock. At the same time but without saying anything to Indolent, he purchased the XYZ stock at a price in excess of its then market value. At the termination of the trust, both stocks had advanced in market value well beyond the prices paid by Collins, and Indolent demanded that Collins either account for this advance in the value of both stocks or replace the stocks. What are Indolent’s rights? Indolent would only have rights to the XYZ stock because he purchased those stocks with out the any ones permission. In the case of the ABC stock he would not receive anything back because he sold the stock at a fair price to Collins. Upon George Welch’s death, he was survived by his second wife, Dorothy Welch, and his daughter by his first marriage, Patricia Fisher. At the time George and Dorothy were married, George was in  very poor health and he relied on Dorothy to care for him. During the eight months George and Dorothy were married, George became isolated from his family and his health deteriorated. Prior to his death, George transferred the bulk of his assets to Dorothy. Dorothy assisted in the transfer of George’s assets and often completed checks and other papers for George’s signature. George also made a new will that named Dorothy as his sole beneficiary. Patricia was the sole beneficiary of his prior will. Through the transfers of assets and the new will, Dorothy received $570,000. Does Patricia have any legal recourse? Explain. No Patricia does not have any legal rights because everything transferred to Dorothy’s name was done with the consent of George, and everything i n the will was left to Patricia according to Georges new will.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example Research conducted by Rashad shows that changes in the rate of fertility has occurred in all Arab nations and this change was accepted by Arab nations at a delay as compared to other nations, but the decline has been experienced at a much faster rate as compared to other nations. Rashad asserts that there have been several causes that have contributed heavily towards the slow acceptance of decline in fertility rate among Arab nations and this conforms to the belief that Arab nation and their populations are resistant towards accepting change. In certain nations and people of these fortunate nations experienced fertility decline due to backing of high aspirations and increased opportunities. On the other end, there have been Arab nations that have experienced decline in economic conditions along with issues in creating families have even led to decline in fertility. Socio-economic status of individuals in certain areas has played a motivational role in the acceptance of decline in fer tility at much earlier times as compared to other nations. Acceptance was even driven due to interpretation of Islam which was liberal in nature. People living in certain nations, especially those in the Gulf region experienced slow acceptance of decline because of rational decision making supported with child support programs. Arab nations overall have not been resistant to change, they have experienced differences in accepting change. The researcher asserts that differences in the way change is accepted and adopted in Arab nations and the conditions that drive the changes in the level of fertility in Arab nation is similar and consistent with the changes experienced throughout the world and these findings are dissimilar to the earlier findings of other researchers. This even shows that researchers previously have exaggerated the issue of conformity to culture. The differences in these trends even show that the theories of change that are already in existence have failed to explain the Arab nations case of fertility. On one hand theories are consistent with changes that are developmental and societal in nature, but on the other hand the experience of Arab nations of decline in fertility has taken place under different circumstances. Theories of change of fertility pay emphasis to fertility which is marital in nature, but the case of Arab nation has shown that reduction in the rate of fertility has occurred due to alterations in changes in the frequency of marriages taking place. The researcher further asserts that changes that have already taken place and are continuing to take place as result of changes in the frequency of marriages in Arab nations clearly show that females in the Arab nations are preferring to stay unmarried for a longer period of time and a major percentage of the women population in these regions even accept to stay unmarried throughout their lives. Nations that have experienced highest changes in the timeline of the event of marriage inc lude Libya, Algeria, Syria, Morocco and others. Women in these regions accept to remain unmarried till they reach the age of 30+ and these women account for 10 to 20% of the population of these regions. This has occurred at the same time when the fertility rates of Arab nations are declining, which shows that as marriage rates are delayed and decreased, women are decreasing their involvement in the act of childrearing. This has resulted in

Explicating two poems - compare and contrast Essay

Explicating two poems - compare and contrast - Essay Example The two poems are on the subject of childhood with reference to the innocence that is conceded by children in their very hearts as well as wholesomeness of their passions or zeal. The poems moreover depict childhood of the poets and how they experience evocative feelings concerning the preeminent time of their lives which had enormous possibilities but which have become precedent already. Mutually, the poems characterize delight and recollections of childhood. The disparity between these two poems is that Mitchell’s poem is incredibly optimistic, has its core focus on celebrating children. Riley’s poem, on the other hand, upholds its concern on the poet’s own childhood experience. Mitchell’s poem; â€Å"The Love will Start with a Word about Children† encompass straightforward words that illustrate that children have continual potentials as pure and innocent beings. Mitchell articulates her outlook as regards small kids in a reasonably incredible approach. She has used simple defined word, which is continent, to symbolically stand for children. She considers that just like a continent can have many nations and look forward to a lot of development in its life, the children also have endless possibilities in life. We on no account know what a child will be able to explore. She has especially and confidently expressed the responsibility of parents in helping their kids to explore the world. They get to be ac quainted with themselves and their roots through their parents. She believes that after some time, these children will grow up and will advance or promote matching acquaintance and aptitude to their children. Riley in â€Å"The Child-World† has conferred the world of children according to his personal experience. The poet has given the impression of his own home, his street and Indiana of his own childhood. In addition he argues

New Venture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New Venture - Assignment Example Once the market is there everything can be steamrolled to make the plan work. It would be better if she could conduct market segmentation so as to narrow down her target market to a small niche of consumers who she can supply adequately and profitably, and then slowly expand her clientele. The three points form the first assumption, which is that there is an opportunity which the entrepreneur (Olivia) can take advantage of. There are already plenty of coffee houses in Frankfurt, but Olivia’s decision to focus on flavored gourmet coffee is both strategic and realistic. Does Olivia understand the coffee industry/business well? Does she have a good understanding of the coffee industry in Brazil and that of Frankfurt in particular? These are very important questions because although she may have the capital and the market, the coffee business requires hands-on management and skills. It is not enough to just assemble the materials/resources required for the business. For instance, Olivia needs to understand that just like other industries the coffee retail industry has trends (Langen, 2013). Whether she like it or not those trends will affect her business; this is through aspects like climate changes, demand, market volatility, competition, hoarding, production/supply, and government policies (taxation and regulation). Olivia must have or develop an understanding of these issues because they will have a huge impact (positive or negative, depending on how she addresses them) on the success of her business. As such, we make two assumptions here. One is that she understands how the coffee retail industry works and the dynamics involved. Two is that if she does not understand how it works, she knows people who will support her until she does, and she is willing to learn. It has been mentioned that DC would ship to Olivia on receipt of payment for each order. This comes with its

Article Women in PR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article Women in PR - Essay Example Jennifer was able to achieve this by sending 10% of the dividends of the labels to the Medicins Sans Frontieres which is a charity meant for the health care globally. In addition to that, a large share of the clothing is retrieved from the artisans that are employed by an Italian non-profit cooperative organization named Cooperativa Rinascere which offers employment and support to the women in the local community. In this way, Jennifer is not only able to contribute to the society through charity but is also able to help raise the rate of employment by retrieving the services from women from the local communities. This is essentially a mutually beneficial relationship between the fashion label and the society. I particularly picked this article because this was brief but precise. The information contained in this article is important in that it not only lends a firm understanding of public relations but also it embarks on the huge tendency of women to do public relations in all

Human Cancers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Cancers - Essay Example The paper describes different types of cancer by human beings. There is one experience which consists of reading about a disease, and another to see the cadavers on display with the vivid details of their disease made transparent to the world as in â€Å"BODIES†¦The Exhibition.† Even the most detailed photos in medical textbooks fail to carry the full impact of disease that the cadavers at â€Å"BODIES†¦The Exhibition† communicate to the crowd. As the majority of the viewers of this display appear to be students and not medical professionals, the information presented and graphic detail of disease offers a preventative message for lifestyle choices that can assist in the national development of anti-cancer initiatives. For this reason, The American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer and Lung Cancer awareness groups have all joined together with â€Å"BODIES†¦The Exhibition† to use the facilities of the displays in alignment with their anti-cancer messag es. Whereas lung cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer are related in some ways to lifestyle choices, there is not always even in these instances a direct relationship between personal mistakes or individual faults and the onset of disease. Rather, deep genetic issues, environmental exposures, immunity, cell regeneration, and old age all combine in ways that continue to elude scientific research to find a cure in the causation of cancer. One effect of the â€Å"BODIES†¦The Exhibition† display should be to encourage participants or viewers to increase their resolve to find a cure for cancer.

Joint Venture Negotiations in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Joint Venture Negotiations in China - Essay Example This culture highly values personal relationships to an extend that, it is the basis on which long-term business relationships are formed. They get involved in an individual’s personal live prior to doing long-term business with them. At a social level, formal and informal relations make a big difference when it comes to business relationships. The Chinese culture would rather one pretends than to express an honest opinion or individualism if it will hurt or discredit another person’s feelings. Emotions are a private matter not to be shared in public. At social functions, there are certain rules that have to be observed failure to which a guest is deemed as disrespecting to the host. This etiquette at social functions control interpersonal relationships. Universally, smiling and laughter are used to express pleasure and humour but the Chinese culture also uses this as a response to negative occurrences. In the American culture, long-term business relationships are not n ecessarily determined by how well people know each other’s personal live. As long as objectives of both entities are met, business proceeds. At the social level, Americans freely express their emotions, opinions and individualism unlike the Chinese. Smiling and laughter in the American culture is for expressing humour and pleasure and sad emotions are also freely expressed. The Chinese businessmen place a great importance on personal relationships and social traditions when conducting business with one another unlike the Americans who place great importance on business issues. The political environment in China is not so friendly to foreign investors. Some political measures in place such imports being controlled by the government, their courts not enforcing contracts and holding back tax preferences for foreign investors delay businesses and cause mistrust to the foreign investor. In conclusion, culture is important since it allows members of a given society to function with one another without the need to negotiate meaning at every moment. Negotiations between Electrowide and Motosuzhou failed because four key criteria for the selection of a Joint Venture partner were not met as outlined below. Strategic complementarily Strategic objective is broad goal that an organization must attain for it to be successful in its strategy. Strategic complementarily implies that the strategies of the two organizations must complement each other. Electrowide’s strategic objective is to become a major, aggressive player in Asia. On the other hand, Motosuzhou’s objective is to team up with a foreign venture that will harmoniously work with government’s policies. This means that the ultimate direction comes from the municipal. This doesn’t complement Electrowide’s strategy and therefore, negotiations on a joint venture cannot work. Compatible operating policies Policies are rules and guidelines adopted by an organization to reach its l ong-term goals. They influence and determine all major decisions and actions in an organization with all activities taking place within the boundaries set by them. The two entities differed in their employment policies. For example, China still discriminates against women workers by placing them in lower positions with little wages which the counterparts, the U.S, have affirmative action policy where they don’t discriminate. Communication Communication is the sharing of ideas and information from a sender to a receiver. For it to be

Historiographical perspectives of the Cold War Essay

Historiographical perspectives of the Cold War - Essay Example While the explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War: "orthodox" accounts, "revisionism," and "post-revisionism." Nevertheless, much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories. The first school of interpretation to emerge in the U.S. was "orthodox". For more than a decade after the end of the Second World War, few U.S. historians challenged the official U.S. interpretation of the beginnings of the Cold War. This "orthodox" school places the responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion into Eastern Europe. Thomas A. Bailey, for example, argued in his 1950 America Faces Russia that the breakdown of postwar peace was the result of Soviet expansionism in the immediate postwar years. Bailey argued Stalin violated promises he had made at Yalta, imposed Soviet-dominated regimes on unwilling Eastern European populations, and conspired to spread communism throughout the world. From this view, U.S. officials were forced to respond to Soviet aggression with the Truman Doctrine, plans to contain communist subversion around the world, and the Marshall Plan. U.S. involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s disillusioned many historians with the premises of "containment", and thus with the assumptions of the "orthodox" approach to understanding the Cold War. "Revisionist" accounts emerged in the wake of the Vietnam War, in the context of a larger rethinking of the U.S. role in international affairs, which was seen more in terms of American empire or hegemony. While the new school of thought spanned many differences among individual scholars, the works comprising it were generally responses in one way or another to Williams' Apple man landmark 1959 volume, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. Williams challenged the long-held assumptions of "orthodox" accounts, arguing that Americans had always been an empire-building people, even while American leaders denied it. Following Williams, "revisionist" writers placed more responsibility for the breakdown of postwar peace on the United States, citing a range of U.S. efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II. According to Williams and later "revisionist" writers, U.S. policymakers shared an overarching concern with maintaining capitalism domestically. In order to achieve that objective, they pursued an "open door" policy abroad, aimed at increasing access to foreign markets for U.S. business and agriculture. From this perspective, a growing economy domestically went hand-in-hand with the consolidation of U.S. power internationally. "Revisionist" scholars challenged the widely accepted notion that Soviet leaders were committed to postwar "expansionism". They cited evidence that the Soviet Union's occupation of Eastern Europe had a defensive rationale, and that Soviet leaders saw themselves as attempting to avoid encirclement by the United States and its allies. In this view, the Soviet Union was so weak and devastated after the end of the Second World War as to be unable to pose any serious threat to the United States; moreover,

Is investment in green or environmentally friendly activities of Essay

Is investment in green or environmentally friendly activities of benefit to a small business - Essay Example And, a sufficient number of scholars necessitate that managers to consider the natural environment more as a subjective or a strategic problem than as an ethical or normative one (Aragon-Correa et al., 2004; Banerjee, 2001; Cordano and Frieze, 2000; Sharma, 2000). Consequently, they support a strategic mindset and approach to promote change from within the organization (Clemens, 2001). For SMEs, it is in their organizational interests to pursue such environmental policies that make them a responsible part of the environmentally responsible organizations; more importantly, the SMEs do not exist always to be identified with this term, they need growth and economic prosperity on a very strong footing; their entire future growth is largely associated with their current outlook seen and observed by the stakeholders; they need to invest in environmentally friendly activities. However, it is and will not be an easy task for SMEs as they face many problems such as limited financial resources , under-developed organisational structure, raw management style and so on are those factors that do not help SMEs to introduce a positive outlook denoting them as ‘an environmentally friendly entity.’ In the subsequent parts of this paper, first, it is argued for the topic and followed by argued against the topic; subsequent to that a conclusion is provided. Every organization always wants to grow particularly SMEs. And, nowadays, growth requires more social and environmental investment as a way to promote their name as an environmentally friendly entity. Most of the larger organizations have been enjoying growth in their net profit figures by providing the annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports along with their annual reports. In these reports, they account for such economic, social and environmental investment either that have been

An Analysis Of The Conventions The Soap Opera Genre Essay Example for Free

An Analysis Of The Conventions The Soap Opera Genre Essay In this essay I intend to explore the genre of Soap Opera and some of the conventions that determine the genre. The Soap Opera genre is defined as A serialized drama usually dealing with domestic problems. Eastenders and Coronation Street are prime examples of the Genre. Soap Operas originated in America in the late 1950s and started being shown in England in the late 1960s. Soap Operas are named after the sponsors of the shows were Soap Products. These shows were a marketing strategy to sell the soap products. The ratings for the 2 Soap Operas mentioned are constantly at the top of the list. The ratings for particular episodes in which a story line is thickening have been up to 10 million viewers watching one episode. Increasing popularity in this genre has provided a phenomenon in spin-off products such as magazines devoted to the soaps. Actors and actresses are becoming celebrities and are appearing on talk shows because of their increasing popularity. The Soap Opera Genre has its own identifiable conventions, some of which will be explored. My particular soap that I will be analyzing is Eastenders. The episode that I will be analyzing is the episode on Monday 25th of November 2002. The time this episode was on TV was 8:00pm. Eastenders has a great slot in the channel schedule. Prime time t.v. is from 7-9pm and Eastenders popularity has also come from the time it is broadcast. The episode is half an hour long. This soap opera is shown before the watershed, which means there are certain things, which cannot be shown. There is never any swearing and hardly any violence used. I selected this soap because it has been going on for over 30 years and is one of the most popular soaps in England. The story lines that are used in this episode are: Phil Mitchell wants to find out what the postcard from Lisa says. Laura and the Doctor are having a meeting to find who wrote the poison pen letters. In the scenes that I will be focusing on the conventions of character will now be explored. There are mostly characters that have a history and meaning they are more rounded characters. There are 2 or 3 stereotype characters. Phil Mitchell is a very aggressive person that few people like. When people that he doesnt like tell him what to do he gets angry and threatens them and doesnt care what trouble he can get in. When he talked to someone about a postcard that had been sent from Lisa he was very aggressive and demanded to read it. The other man said no and told him to stop interfering with his life. Phil told him maybe he would maybe he wouldnt. He does what ever he wants and doesnt care who he tramples along the way. He loves his mother and protects her. He thinks that he can control everybody in the square. He has got into trouble with the police before and is a recovering alcoholic. He has 2 children and when with them he is made to look as if he such a soft character and a loving father rather than what he is everywhere else. Different camera shots are used when filming Phil to make him look powerful and menacing. He is filmed to look as if he is more powerful than anybody else in the same room. He is one of the main characters of Eastenders and is there to cause trouble and tension in the soap. I will now analyze my chosen 5 minutes where there is tension and many conventions used. The 5 minutes that I have chosen are where some of the people from the square are having a meeting to try and find who is writing poison pen letters. As the tension builds up the scene changes to the pub breaking the tension and prolonging you from knowing what was going to come if the scene hadnt been changed. The camera shots used only show 1 or 2 peoples faces to let the viewer see the facial expression of the person. When the scene changes to the pub the camera shots change and a panning shot is used to distinguish who is in the pub. The shot stops to people having conversations in the pub. When the scene changes you can see the lighting is different. It gets darker but there is enough light to see the people and their expressions. The camera focuses in on one of the people when they have something to say. The camera at the beginning of the scene turns around showing all the people in the room but from then on the camera doesnt turn but cuts from person to person. As the scene gets to the end someone is walking in to the room hearing something that shouldnt have been heard. The camera changes back and forth from the person speaking, to the person walking into the room. Eventually when the person walks into the room the camera angle is changed and shows the person who walked into the room taller than anybody else making the rest of the people in the room feel small. The camera cuts very quickly to all the different peoples faces showing their surprise and emotion. The camera stays on the person who walked in on the people until she has finished what she has to say. Then the camera cuts back to the peoples faces. This gives the effect of the people being caught out and the person who wouldnt normally be in this situation the person who caught them out. I think that Soap Operas will be an important part in the TV industry for many years because it has domestic issues and provides entertainment for a whole variety of people and for most age groups. It will also be popular because it opens up many conversations on suggested story lines and what will happen next in the next episode. The soap opera has become more than a marketing strategy for selling soaps.

Recommendations to Furniture Works on creating a global structure

Recommendations to Furniture Works on creating a global structure Multinational Companies A Multinational Company is defined as an enterprise which is operating in several countries but managed from one home country  [1]  . They have their headquarters in one country but operate on different countries known as host country. Numerous examples of these organizations are Ford, General Motors, Dell, Microsoft, Google, Siemens etc. There are obvious benefits for companies to expand their business to other countries. Few of them are cost advantages such as cheap labor, reduce transport and distribution cost, constant supplies of raw materials, and avoid any trade barriers  [2]  . Companies which do business overseas face many challenges. Cultural challenge is one among them. As we have seen from experience companies which tend to do more research and spend time and effort to study and understand the cultural differences is more successful than the companies which dont do their homework. Let us take an example where Mr. X wants to expand his Pizza business from United States to India. The cultural difference between India and U.S is a huge obstacle which needs to be studied by Hofstede cultural dimensional model. Cost structures, eating habits, trade barriers are few important variables which needs to be studied before setting up an franchise. One must try to differentiate what are the major differences between U.S and Indian culture? How these differences are going to affect the business? What are the measures need to be taken to avoid these risks? What kind of work ethic do Indian employees follow? Is it different from U.S? In U.S they follow very competitive work ethic which means profitability comes first. Mr. X shouldnt expect the same level of work ethic from Indian employees. He needs to be patient for the business to grow and yield profits. Next he must work on his brand. In U.S branding and creating a image to a company makes many loyal customers which he needs to work on with the new Indian market which will take time and effort and he should choose his advertisement carefully for Indian culture. Also Indians prefer traditional food so Mr. X should work on how he can market his fast food into the market  [3]  . The CEO, Furniture Works, South London. U.K REPORT ON RECOMMENDATION AND REFLECTIONS FOR FURNITURE WORKS TO EXPAND ITS PRODUCTION ABROAD GLOBALY: This report is for Furniture Works, South London, which is proposed to start Internet Sales. The company plans to establish its production function abroad. Initially it is working and conducting business in UK locally but there are future prospects for global expansion plans. As a Management consultant, my functions involve examining and analyzing alternative organizational and communication system the main idea behind this move is to develop a Virtual ORGANIZATION. With reference to the above all discussion and my evaluation here are my recommendation for effective Global structure for Furniture Works. Licensing- My first recommendation in phase of establishing business across the world for furniture works must get Revocable written formal or implied agreement by an authority or proprietor from the host country according to their Law. Joint Venture- My second recommendation for Furniture Works is to establish a Joint Venture with the local firms in the host country through this Furniture Works can formed to achieve its objectives of a partnership like temporary and permanent arrangement between two or more firms for its business success. Consortia-My Third recommendation for Furniture Works is Consortia its a Japans Term which means Cross ownership Agreement between Firms. For firms such as Furniture Works who want to expand their business internationally, it is inevitable for them to face the cultural challenge. Further I recommend following Business Strategies for Furniture Works: Globalization Strategy- organization like furniture Works should go through the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. Multi domestic Strategy- Another powerful strategy for Multinational Company like Furniture work is multi domestic Strategy. This means production of business within local community. Production, supply, Research and development and marketing are established nationally where business is done. After the business is moulded and developed locally innovation comes into picture which means there is decentralization which being outsourced locally  [4]  . Global Challenges- till now the Furniture Work is managing its business in U.K. for going to start business and getting expansion as Virtual Organization the Furniture Works should be ready to face Global Challenges like: Complexity and differentiation with different cultures and nations. For making better business environment sometimes big organization have to be ready for integration with local organization at host country. While establishing business links with different countries the Furniture Works should transfer its knowledge to local employees at host country. Finally I am recommending to the Management of Furniture Works how to Coordinate with its new companies worldwide. Global Teams- Furniture Works have to depend on teams working at international boundaries for the improvement of the business. In Multinational organizations such teams at the board level, product-development, and multi-cultural teams from various functions responsible for the global alignment of functional business processes. Headquarters Planning- Being an International Company the Furniture Works Headquarters must be in London, Which is its homeland country. Expanded Coordination Roles- Furniture Works should creating a supportive and enabling environment for the implementation its products selling in all those companies around the world. Bureaucratic Organization- Very large organizations which are well structured and well defined may be termed as bureaucratic organization. The main elements of such as organization is standard use of protocols and procedure to perform a particular task and high degree of control to make sure any particular task is performed to the standards  [5]  . There are two types of bureaucratic organization which are as follows, Standard bureaucracy : These type of company normally do standard routine work where large technical staffs led by mid level managers led by senior management. Professional bureaucracy: This type of company also does standard work but relies on efficient performance and complex in nature where the company hierarchy has only few mid-level managers. Flat Organization: Flat organization tends to have few level of hierarchy which means chain of control is short. This makes high level of employee involvement in decision making which increases team morale and spirit. This structure can be successful only in small organization. Boundary less Organization: This type of organization is of contemporary approach as they cant be defined or limited to or draws lines or boundary which is why the name boundary less organization came. Flexible and unstructured approach seems to be successful and many companies have started this approach after Jack Welch of GE coined this term.

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay The nature of inequalities between men and women dates back to the sociologist view of Emile Durkheim, and the idea of social facts and the essence of an individuals ability to act independently of the obstacles that deter from their personal right of achieving social equality (Ferrante 5). As Durkheim lay the groundwork for gender inequalities in society, the inequalities in leadership roles in the workplace are also in turn modeled by a societys hierarchical structure or choice of social agency. Furthermore, the patriarchal social structure in the workforce in which women are seen as inferior is perpetuated by the collective social belief of female inferiority and a male dominance of power, as created by a mutual interaction between men and women. Since the womens rights movement, the presence of women in the workforce has been increasing greatly, but discrimination and inequality in earnings is still prevalent in leadership positions. The nature of gender inequalities in society h ave laid the foundation for a structured system of inequality in the workforce while simultaneously reinforcing the social construct of male dominance and the psychological belief of self inferiority in females. The nature of gender inequalities in leadership positions can be partially attributed to the viewpoint of Emile Durkheim in relation to social facts and the effect of a social structure that invests most power in males. Werner J. Cahnman and Joseph Maiers article on sociologist, Emile Durkheim, in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, highlights Durkheims inquiries on social inequalities that are still prevalent today. Durkheims legacy was partially created by the connection he made between a social fact and its affect on societal structures, such as occupational status. According to Durkheim, because society is above man and penetrates man [at the same time], it is ultimately the only thing that has the power to [. . .] submit them to rules of conduct, to privations, and to the kind of sacrifice without which society would be impossible (Cahnman and Maier 63). Durkheim suggests that the individual of society experiences an indirect dependence by focusing his attention on everything essential t o the maintenance of society: its principle norms, values, institutions, its sacred symbols, and as a result, they are subject to obey the popular belief of a hierarchical structure. This in turn leads to a distinct gender inequality between men and women (Cahnman and Maier 63). The opposing force of an authoritative societal structure is agency. According to writers Terri Apter and Elizabeth Garnsey of the Womens Studies International Forum, the sociological debate of structure and agency emphasizes the individuals capacity to act independently of structural constraints (20). Whereas Durkheim suggested that society maintains stability and structure through the individuals submission to structure, agency advocates for the individual to be an active participant in society and face the constraints of society head on. As women are constantly perceived as inadequate active citizens in their society, they have learned to internalize the social constraints and reinforce the perception of females in society as the inferior counterpart of males. The nature behind this hierarchical social structure that gives way to gender inequalities in the workforce is partially affected by psychological constraints that women experience through the structural constraints of society. Apter and Garnsey explain that social actions refer to the interactions and mutuality of experiences between the participants of society to formulate a common belief stemming from constructional constraints in society (19). Furthermore, as the belief of male superiority and female inferiority is formulated as a common conception, the womans failure to act independently of social constraints prevents [her] from asserting their rights and successfully challenging the status quo in which [she] has an unequal share (Apter and Garnsey 21). Women have been socialized to accept social constraints, causing an overall lack of agency that is essential to obtaining positions at the top of the hierarchical social structure. Societal gender inequalities were first formulat ed centuries ago, with causes stemming from social constraints working against women as enforced by the male dominance and the females submission to the societys structural hierarchies. The American Psychological Association released the article, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders in the Psychological Review in July of 2002, to highlight the blatant prejudices toward women in leadership positions, as well as the obstacles women face in their endeavor to reach the top. Researchers Alice H. Eagly and Steven J. Karau state in this article that leadership has been predominantly a male prerogative in corporate, political, military, and other sectors of society and although women have, indeed, gained increased access to supervisory and middle management positions, they continue to remain quite rare as elite leaders and top executives (575). While women have come far from the times before the Womens Rights movement, there is still room for improvement, as societal con straints continue to hinder a womans occupation of a leadership role in the workforce. The causes behind workforce gender inequality is undoubtedly a product of societal constraints that inhibit a womans upward strive to leadership. The belief of male superiority in the workforce is reinforced as the terms of male power rest on the assumption that society is structured to support male interests (Apter and Garnsey 19-20). This belief of male superiority has perpetuated a distinct gender segregation that has been a long acting force in nearly every aspect of a womans life, as prejudice against women causes and continues job segregation at work, while directly and indirectly men maintain that power in the home (Apter and Garnsey 21). Because women often are expected to stay home and help create a family unit, women are viewed as largely powerless when faced with such structures as the educational system and job segregation, which appear in crucial ways to embody male power (Apter and Garnsey 20). As a result, a females worth is often determined by the male population, and the possibility of success is limited. As social constraints block upward mobility, women have become socialized to psychologically limit themselves as a gender in their vocations, allowing the male gender to take on the role of superiority. This is emphasized by Apter and Garnsey in the Womens Studies International Forum suggests that women are seen from this perspective to take a shrewd measure of the cost of success in male terms in a male world and, accordingly, to choose different goals and other means of achieving them (20). This viewpoint suggests that the inequalities in gender are not only enforced by powerful male figures, but also by the female population instead. According to this perspective, if women freed themselves psychologically, if they changed their outlook, they could take action to remedy inequalities (Apter and Garnsey 20). As society has formulated a belief of female inferiority, the possibility in both a woman and mans mind of a woman reaching an elitist position of leadership in the workforce i s seen as completely unattainable. The main reason that perpetuates the job inequalities between men and women in the workforce can be attributed to the blatant discrimination of womens entrance into previously male dominated jobs. The article, Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies by Matt L. Huffman explains this gender discrimination and the limitations of female workers. Huffman states that the explanation behind gender inequality jobs include a cultural devaluation of work done by women as well as the fact that hiring discrimination restricting womens access to some jobs inevitably results in occupational crowding that drives down pay in female-dominated jobs (324). Huffman accordingly inquires that another mechanism in perpetuating this inequality is in the ability of powerful groups (such as men) to monopolize the most powerful positions in organizations which can be found in jobs that ensue the highest skill requirements, opportunities for advancement, and/or chances to exercise authority (325). Huffm an furthers his argument by conceptually calling his claim a social closure process in which gender inequality is created and sustained through the allocation of women and men into positions that differ along key pay-related dimensions (325). Huffman argues that societies function to maintain the dominant groups interest by sustaining existing inequalities in workplace through power and rewards (325). This social closure process coincides with the sociological term the glass ceiling effect of which blocks womens social mobility into the upper levels in organizational hierarchies as it explains the constant limitation experienced by women in climbing the ladder of success when in competition with male authoritative figures. Accordingly, studies have shown that within the presence of the glass ceiling effect, increased inequality at high levels of an outcome, such as earnings and authority are often present as well (Huffman 326). The inequalities in the workforce can be best understoo d by the wage discrepancies between equal paying jobs of men and women, primarily in leadership positions. The findings from research in this particular area of study on gender inequalities show that there is a noticeable inconsistency between the earnings of men and women not only in equal job statuses, but primarily in positions of leadership as well. Two sociologists, Steven Sweet and Kimberly Baker, designed two learning modules to increase college students understandings of gender and racial inequalities in their intended vocations. The study supplied students with information and data from the census of that particular year, showing that the gender inequalities do exist in todays society and are extremely prevalent. The data show that women under-earn men in 94.1 percent of the students chosen occupations, in 91.1 percent of all occupations, and in 92.4 percent of upper tier occupations (Sweet and Baker 7). Accordingly, it is only found that within 5.5 percent of the students chosen careers, 8.4 percent of all careers, and 7.1 percent of upper tier careers that men and women make eq ual earnings today in America (Sweet and Baker 7). As shown in these statistics, it is nearly impossible to escape gender inequalities in the workforce throughout America. Furthermore, The Psychological Review shows research that coincides with this phenomenon as they collected an array of statistics pertaining to major leadership roles that consistently show inequality, namely: women constitute 4% of the five highest earning officers in Fortune 500 companies and 0. 4% of the CEOs (Catalyst, 2000); 13% of senators, 14% of congressional representatives, and 10% of state governors (Center for the American Woman and Politics, 2001); and 2% of military officers at the level of brigadier general and rear admiral or higher (U.S. Department of Defense, 1998) (Eagly and Karau 573). As the preceding statistics show, women representation in the elite power jobs is highly limited; despite the fact that the number of women in the workforce has been steadily increasing. According to the New York Times, throughout the 1900s and 2000s, and until this recession, women occupied less than 49 percent of the workforce. However, that percent has now crossed the 50 percent threshold for the first time (Mulligan). Yet despite this achievement, women make only 77.5 cents for every dollar that men earn and to further these facts, statistics show that as the amount of education a woman has increases, the greater the disparity will be that she will have to accommodate for; stating that women in specialty occupations were found to earn just 72.7 percent of what men in the same occupation were earning (Mulligan). Although womens rights have come a long way since the predating times of the Womens Rights Movement, there is still a blatantly obvious discrimination towards women in the workforce, hindering the gender from attaining the success that society has strictly deemed achievable for the male species only.

The Conflict and Struggles in Iraq Essay -- Iraq Iraqi Politics Politi

The Conflict and Struggles in Iraq Throughout history, the United States has attempted to overthrow corrupt government in other areas of the world and instating democracies such as ours. What the United States fails to realize is that reforms in a country’s political structure do not occur overnight, but rather to enforce these new changes, money and time is required. Sometimes the money and time seem to be more than we as a country bargain for, but I am a firm believer that you finish what you start. Right now the conflict is in Iraq, where many Americans are angry at the amount of money and time that we are dedicating to installing a democratic government after the overthrow of their dictatorship. As a country, we should be behind our military and our government in supporting their war efforts and attempts to provide freedom and equality for the people of Iraq. The main problem in Iraq is that their culture is centered around religion. Unfortunately, it is not just one main religion, but rather nineteen provinces and three separate forms of religion. The majority of the population is Islamic, and then broken into three sects of Islam: the Kurds, Shiites, and the Sunnis. To have a true democracy, the culture of Iraq must be adapted to separate religious beliefs from governmental policies. Since the melting pot of religions in America do not infiltrate the government, we as a society do not understand the difficulty of diffusing religion out of Iraqi government. To contribute to this setback, each group has different beliefs within their organization which cause continuing difficulty. As Hubert Locke states in his editorial to the Seattle Post Intelligence, â€Å"Yet at some point, we will ha... ...or we cannot think that Iraq will become a truly independent state until we rebuild their economy and get their government standing on its own two feet. We cannot just be a country that invades and then leaves, the remaining citizens becoming lost. If this happens, of course there will be American resentment in the Middle East! We removed their political stability and now it is our job to restore their country with the benefits of freedom and hopefully more opportunity. Works Cited Lewis, Bernard. The Crisis of Islam. New York: Modern Library Education, 2003. â€Å"Rebuilding Iraq.† Editorial. Patriot News 15 July 2003 A15. â€Å"Iraqi War.† Editorial. Chicago Sun-Times 9 November 2003, pg. 32. â€Å"Bush’s Reconstruction.† Editorial. Seattle Post Intelligence 20 October 2003, A8. â€Å"Post-War Efforts.† Editorial. Orlando Sentinel 23 September 2003 pg. 9.

The Role of Penelope in Homers Odyssey Essay examples -- Odyssey essa

   Odysseus's wife, Penelope plays a very important role in Homer's Odyssey.   She provides the motivation for Odysseus's return to Ithaca.   She is also the center of the plot involving the suitors and the fate of Telemakos and Ithaca itself.   The objective of this essay is to analyze the important role of Penelope in Odyssey.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Penelope is the reason for Odysseus's return to Ithaca.   He is driven throughout his entire journey to go back and see his wife.   He turns down immortality with the beautiful Kalypso to return home:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "My lady goddess, here is no cause for anger.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. Homer.   The Odyssey.   Trans.   Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin, 1996. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope: From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).

Turmoil of Milton’s World Reflected in Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay

The Turmoil of Milton’s World Reflected in Paradise Lost "To explain the ways of God to men" (Invocation, 26) Milton loftily proclaims his goal in writing Paradise Lost. He will, he asserts, clarify many ambiguities of the Bible itself. Thereby begins one of the greatest epic poems in literary history – and the war of the sexes is raised to new heights. Milton claims to be the mouthpiece of God. If so, God was quite the rhetorician, not to mention misogynist. A being of absolute reason, he fails to understand how his reasonless creations can be devoid of allegiance to his person. A strict and orderly God, he brings a case against his own brain-children, and thus condemns himself. Allegiance is a key issue in untying the political knot fastened in Paradise Lost. Allegiance between creator and created, between king and subject, between man and woman. Adam and Eve owe God allegiance for their lives. Genesis doesn’t address this; the idea is implicit in the text. In Genesis, we are led to believe that God wished for his creations to be faithful and obedient in accordance with his wishes. Milton, in personifying God and the first human beings, takes this concept one step further. In bringing God down to man through the vehicle of the epic poem, Milton attributes to God the capacity for reason. God does not act arbitrarily: each action is planned with a specific end in mind. Loyalty is important because it can be used, in the field of reason, to prove innocence. Innocent beings have no understanding of inferiority, power, or debt; and therefore no grasp of even the necessity for loyalty. Milton’s God is a God of reason – but his creations, Milton asserts, were wholly innocent. The question, then, that Genesis poses and Milton a... ... New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Crossman, Robert. Reading Paradise Lost. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980. This book is the experience of reading Paradise Lost as Robert Crossman reads it. It was helpful in that it offered a clear interpretation of the events and passages in the book. Crump, Galbraith M. Approaches to Teaching Milton's Paradise Lost. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1986. This book was meant as a guide for teachers trying to teach Paradise Lost, but in doing so contained some interesting ideas on the work and its purpose. Patrides, C.A. Milton's Epic Poetry. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. This book is a collection of essays concerning Milton's Paradise Lost. The reading of it helped to expand my understanding of the scope of the book, and it also helped to thoroughly overwhelm me.

Meaning of a word Essay

â€Å"Language is the subject. It is the written form with which I’ve managed to keep the wolf from the door, and in diaries, my sanity. In spite of this, I consider the written word inferior to the spoken, and much of the frustration experienced by novelists is the awareness that whatever we manage to capture in even the most transcendent passages falls far short of the richness of life. Dialogue achieves its power in the dynamics of a fleeting moment of sight, sound, smell and touch.† -excerpt taken from Gloria Naylor’s ‘The Meanings of a Word’. Words The first sentence of this excerpt can have several interpretations, depending on which synonym of the word ‘language’ you choose to use. It could be her theme, her topic, her focus, the area that is under discussion. Language, for her, is the subject, the one she has used to support herself, the form she has employed to preserve her sanity. In the first part of her third sentence, Naylor states that she considers the written word inferior to the spoken in spite of her second sentence; it is second rate, of lesser importance than the words actually verbalized. For her, written words do not hold as much power as those that are spoken; she, and novelists like her, are aware that even the most descriptive and moving of passages do not fully capture a ‘fleeting moment of sight, sound, smell and touch’ the way dialogue does. Naylor is of the opinion that one simple gesture, scene, scent or sound achieves what a thousand words describing them cannot, and this is frustrating to her, hence, her statement, ‘†¦I consider the written word inferior to the spoken’. I disagree with this idea and argue that the written word is superior to the spoken. There is a phrase that says that ‘the pen is mightier than the sword’. Taken in literal terms, this phrase is a physical impossibility. Obviously, he who wields the bigger, stronger sword would triumph over he who brings a flimsy pen to the fight, unless by some slim chance it was some sort of new,  unbreakable pen. What, then, is the meaning of this saying? The answer lies not in comparing the physical appearances of these two objects, but in considering what they can do. A sword, when used by a master of the blade, can kill maybe a dozen people. A pen can kill millions. It can condemn entire cities to death. In 1945, documents authorizing the use of the atomic bomb on Japan did just that; with the signatures of the cabinet and the President of the United States, Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s fates were sealed. Consider also, that while a sword may be used to threaten a village or two, using a pen can set entire countries free, and decide the future of generations to come. The independence of British colonies, such as Zambia in 1964, was finalized by a stroke of a pen at the bottom of the declaration. Think about it and you realize something: it’s not the pen that’s mightier than the sword. It is merely an instrument that is used to achieve an end. It is the words that are written using the pen which hold the power; it is the words on that document or bill or law or article that are mightier than the sword. â€Å"I was jarred and shocked by the style, the clear, clean, sweeping sentences. Why did he write like that? And how did one write like that? I pictured the man as a raging demon, slashing with his pen, consumed with hate†¦I stood up trying to realize what reality lay behind the meaning of his words†¦this man was fighting, fighting with words†¦using words as a weapon, using them as one would use a club. Could words be weapons? Well, yes, for here they were.† -excerpt taken from Richard Wright’s ‘The Library card’ The above excerpt comes from a point in Wright’s ‘The Library Card’ where the main character reacts strongly to a book he has just read. It is clear that the direct, cutting style of writing has affected him, and he hungers to know why and how someone could write like that. This leads him to pondering the hidden meaning behind the words, and the style of writing is such that he likens the author of the book to a demon, ‘slashing with his pen’. In fact, he comes to the conclusion that words can be used as weapons and this  supports the argument that written word is superior to the spoken. Like Mencken in ‘The Library Card’, we can use written words in the same way. They can be used to challenge set ways of thinking and attack prejudices and injustices without the violence of a war or the pettiness of a verbal argument. Using written words, arguments become free of emotional entanglements and are reduced to their simplest, most direct for ms. The spoken words that Naylor prefers would not be able to attain the same effect that a signed document would. A verbal agreement about an important matter, such as Independence of a country, would never hold up to the scrutiny of a legal proceeding. It would be far too easy for either party to change the wording of their verbal agreement ever so slightly to tip the scales in their favor or change the words all together, and in doing so, change the terms completely. There would be no way to prove that the agreement even took place. The spoken word or word of mouth is an unreliable way to learn about historical events. Stories that are passed down from generation to generation stand a high risk of being distorted over time, and with so many storytellers, the original version will be lost within three or four generations. This is another way that the written word is superior to the spoken; written documentation ensures that the facts and details will always be there when we need them, exact and unchanged. With so many variations and dialects of the English Language, it is almost impossible to find a daily word that was not been abbreviated or corrupted into slang. If it is not one or the other, then the context it is used in gives it a completely different meaning anyway. Take the word ‘nigger’ for example. Naylor shows us that depending on the words it is used with in speech, the word takes on multiple implications, thus increasing the chance of mistaking its meaning. Written words are clear cut, especially if written clearly, correctly and succinctly. Words hold power over us all. While the spoken form does hold sway over every living being, words used in speech are like the beginnings of a thought and  it is the written form that ultimately completes the idea.