Foreign Direct Investment Essay

The main purpose or objective doing this report is 1. To muse what is in reality exotic Direct Investment (FDI) and their types. 2. To study the FDI trends and how it influences to India 3. To study the advantages and disadvantages similarly importance FDI to India and their investors itself. 2. Introduction strange Direct Investment (FDI) is capital provided by a external direct investor, either directly or through and through other related enterprises, where the foreign investor is directly ingestd in the guidance of the enterprise.According to International Monetary Fund (IMF, International Monetary Fund, 2013), Foreign Direct Investment or simply as FDI refers to an investment funds do to acquire lasting or long term interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investors. It can simply define as the allocation by a multinational firm of capital, managerial and expert asset from its home country to a host country. In FDI it had leash components wher eas righteousness capital, reinvested earning and intra-company loans.Inflows of FDI stated as a net basis retardation outflow of FDI is the reporting economy comprise capital provided by a firm from host country. There were several types of foreign direct investment which is Multinational mess, transnational corporation, strategic alliance, and also joint pretend. For Multinational Corporation it was operate or handling from their home country even it actually operating in several country. The transnational corporation is the country that maintains the crucial operation in more than one country barely regionalize worry to the local country.Meanwhile the strategic alliances was an approach to going global that involve partnership between an governing body and a foreign company in which both share knowledge and resources in developing new products or building production facilities. It was common place in the bioengineering, information technology and the software industries. The joint venture FDI is an approach to going global that is precise types of strategic alliance.There was the partner had agreed to form an independent organization for some business purpose. For the joint venture types is divided into two types hich is contractual joint venture and equity joint venture. The contractual joint venture was between firms usually for a specific project, such as manufacturing a component or other product for a fixed intent time. Meanwhile the equity joint venture was when a firm holds an equity stake in the setting up the joint subsidiary such as produce goods or services. 3. History of FDI in India It is false if population advocated that India is a fresh country joining foreign direct investment (FDI). It is totally wrong. Actually India already joined or more consummate received the FDI since 1947, more early than other countries (Kapur, 2005).It was concentrated in master(a) sectors and services whereas foreign country the likes of British con quers Indias mining, plantations, cope and manufacturing base. In early post-Independent years, FDI contributed and shows significant role as India turned foreign for both technology and capital. Late 1950s, foreign capital was invited in miscellaneous sectors by Indian government (Kapur, 2005). The sectors was pharmaceutical drugs, aluminum, heavy electrical and chemicals. The results, during the 1960s, the capital flow concentrated on manufacturing especially technology-intensive industries.End of 1960 approximately 60 percent capital from FDI flows to manufacturing industries. Reverberation from food crisis and depreciation of the Rupee in 1960, the hardening of policy was there. Early 1970, foreign oil majors were publicly owned. The government of India never rules out the new foreign investment but now it wanted to be in restrictive term. In 1973, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) had introduced an article that obligatory firms to dilute their foreign equity holding s to 40 percent if they wanted to treat as like Indian companies.By the mid-1980, growing concern about stagnation and expert uselessness in India industry led to push for economic iron out and deregulation (Kapur, 2005). On the 1990s, it started with major crisis. In the middle of Gulf War, and the ensuant removal of Indian emigrant from the Middle East, foreign exchange payments fell. The panicky withdrawal of funds happened in India by Non Resident that occurred not sense of balance of payments. As agreed with the IMF, the Rupee was devalued, and the fresh attempts were made. That will to liberalize the care rule and the guiding framework.

Moral Influence in Great Expectations Essay

Show the Moral Influence on Pip in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Symbolism as it is apply in literature aims to project the internal aspects of an individuals lawsuit through the external aspects in reality. Charles Dickens, in his newfangled, Great Expectations uses symbolic representation in order to reflect other individuals clean influence on Pip. take aim for example the following instances. In the novels sign chapter, whizz is presented with the character of Pip who is described as an orphan with a pictural imagination.As he recounts his initial experiences in life, Pip mentions that his most in writing(p) and broad impression of the identity of things, seemsto have been gained on a unforgettable raw afternoon towards evening (Dickens, 1992, p. 3). It was during this evening that Pip met the convict, Magwitch. The use of symbolism in his fancy with Magwitch is evident as Pips initial introduction to the villainous aspects of mans nature, in the form of Magwitch , occurred during the diversity from day to night.One sees here how Dickens uses the shift from day to night as a subject matter of shifting the mood within the novel in such a way that will prepare the reviewer for his encounter with an individual who is in possession of a questionable moral character. In addition to this, one perceives here the manner through which Magwitchs moral character affects Pips moral disposition as Pip was introduced to committing morally questionable actions through his chance encounter with Magwitch.As opposed to the use of darkness as a means of intend the immoral aspects of man, Dickens also uses the light as a means of symbolizing the moral aspects of man. For example, one is presented with Pips initial encounter with Estella. Estella, which literally means star, is presented as an angelic being who inspires Pip to zest for the finer things in life.Reference Dickens, C. (1992). Great Expectations. London Wordsworth Editions, 1992.

Linear Model of Communication Essay

It is a one way shape to communicate with others. It consists of the s fetch uper encryption a message and channeling it to the receiving system in the presence of noise. Draw backs the elongated exemplification assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to intercourse. It also displays no feedback from the receiver. For example a letter, email, text message, lecture. on that point ar two main linear mould which ar used to apologize the human chat regale. They are Shannon and weaver Model (1949)The original simulate was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and rally technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary ploughshares sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a scream a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and weaver finch also accepted that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal. Berlos SMCR Model (1960)In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and weaverbirds linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The Sender- pith- crinkle-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear separate and has been expanded upon by other scholars.Shannon Weaver ModelClaude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916- February 24,2001) was an American mathematician, electronic engineer and cryptographer.He is know as the pay off of info theory. He was a student of Michigan University. He was a graduate in both engineering and mathematics. He worked in Bell laboratories, Massachu depositts establish of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies.He got IEEE Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize, Harvey Prize awards. pic Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894- Nov 24, 1978) was an American Scientist, Mathematician and Science administrator.He is wide recognized as one of the pioneers of machine interpretive program and as important figure in creating support for science in US. He was a student of University of Wisconsin- Madison. IntroductionShannon- Weaver model is nonplus of all model in communication. The theory based on how a concept goes to a place from another. It is also known as numeric theory of communication. Shannon published A Mathematical surmisal of Communication hold in two parts in the July and October numbers of the Bell scheme Technical Journal in 1949. The book co-authored with Weaver The Mathematical Theory of Communication reprints Shannons article. Later Weaver apologiseed the model and popularized it.FormulaC = W log2(1+S/N) where,C Channel capacityW BandwithS Signal levelN Noise powerThis model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. in like manner they find factors which affecting the communication process called Noise. At premiere the model was develope d to improve the Technical communication. Later its widely applied in the field of Communication. Communication modelThe process of Shannon- Weaver model is as below picSome key points of this model are granted below Information lineage chooses desired message among a set of possible messages which can be mixture of any form of create verbally or spoken, image or sound. Transmitter changes the message into the signal, also known as encoder. Message is the thing which is sent and received and all communication is about. Channel is the path that message passes through from the transmitter to the receiver. Receiver is the quash transmitter which changes the signal back into the message, also known as decoder. cultivation is the target place of the genic message. Noise is any un fateed additions to the transmitted signal which cause distortion or error in transmission. picShannon Weaver model of communicationRequirmentsThere are eight (08) requirments of Shannon- Weav er model. They are Source Encoder Message Channel Decoder Reciever Noise FeedbackExampleMr. caravanserai made call to his assistant come here I want to see you. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received I want only. again abetter _or_ abettor asked Thomson (feedback) what do you want Mr. Khan?. Sender Mr. KhanEncoder retrieve (Mr. Khan)Channel CableNoise Distraction in voice reception Telephone (Assistant)Receiver Assistant.Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant cant able to conceive Thomsons messages. CriticismThere are also criticism of Shannon- Weaver model. One of the simplest model and its everyday applied in various communication theories. The model which attracts both academics of forgiving communication and Information theorist to leads their further research in communication. Its more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience. The model based on Sender and Receiver. present sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (receive the culture or passive). Communication is not a one way process. If its behaved like that, it testament lose its strength. For example Audience or receiver who listening a radio, reading the books or watching television is a one way communication because absence of feedback. Understanding Noise will helps to solve the various problems in communication.ConclusionBasically Shannon made this model not for the human communication. Rather he conceived the mediated communication, to be apparent the very phony conversation. Later human communication scholars began to use it to explain the unmediated human communication, as it is very simple and not faraway away.Berlos SMCR ModelpicDr. David K. Berlo (1929- 1996) was an American communication experts. He is called as the father of modern mass communication. Dr. Berlo explained his model as an expansion of Shannon- Weaver model in 1960 in his book The Process of Com munication. He was a professor of department of communication, Michigan State University (MSU). IntroductionThe model of David Berlo is known as Berlos SMCR model. The meaning of SMCR is SourceMessageChannelRecieverCommunication ModelpicElements of communicationS SourceThe source in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the estimate originates. He is the one who transfers the information to the receiver after carefully lay his thoughts into words. It is done with the help of Communication Skills Attitude Knowledge Social dust CultureM MessageWhen an individual converts his thoughts into words, a message is created. The process is also called as Encoding. Any message further comprises of the following elements meaning Element Treatment Structure CodeC ChannelChannel truly refers to the medium how the information flows from the sender to the receiver. Some are Hearing. Tasting. Seeing. Smelling. Touching. in all the five senses are the channels which help human beings to communicate with distri andively other. R Receiver When the message reaches the receiver, he tries to empathise what the listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly. This is also called as decoding. The receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smooth flow of information and better understanding of the message. He should possess good communication skills to understand what the speaker is trying to convey. He should have the right attitude to understand the message in a positive way. His knowledge should also be at par with the listener and must know about the subject. He should also be from the same social and cultural background ripe like the speaker.picExample of SMCR modelWeak Point No feedback more unilinearStrong Point Save money Save time comfortable to pass Repeatation ReplicationConclusionThough there is no feedback but Berlos SMCR model has a in development communication.

Digital Fortress Chapter 27

On the Crypto floor, the shadows were exploitation hanker and faint. Overhead, the automatic lighting gradually increased to compensate. Susan was still at her terminal silently awaiting news from her tracer. It was taking longer than expected.Her understanding had been wandering-missing David and unbidden Greg wedge to go home. Although sweep up hadnt budged, thankfully hed been silent, engrossed in whatever he was doing at his terminal. Susan couldnt care less what squeeze was doing, as long as he didnt access the Run-Monitor. He obviously hadnt-sixteen hours would have brought an audible yelp of disbelief.Susan was sipping her third cup of tea when it finally happened-her terminal beeped once. Her pound quickened. A flashing envelope icon appeared on her monitor announcing the comer of E-mail. Susan shot a quick glance toward drag. He was absorbed in his work. She held her breath and double-clicked the envelope.North Dakota, she whispered to herself. Lets suck up who y ou are.When the E-mail opened, it was a champion line. Susan read it. And then she read it again.DINNER AT ALFREDOS? 8 PM?Across the room, Hale muffled a chuckle. Susan checked the message header.FROM email protected Susan felt up a surge of anger only when fought it off. She deleted the message. Very mature, Greg.They make a great carpaccio. Hale smiled. What do you say? Afterward we could-For touch on it.Snob. Hale sighed and turned back to his terminal. That was strike eighty-nine with Susan Fletcher. The brilliant female cryptologist was a constant frustration to him. Hale had often fantasized about having shake with her-pinning her against TRANSLTRs curved hull and taking her right there against the warm obscure tile. nevertheless Susan would have nothing to do with him. In Hales mind, what made things worse was that she was in love with any(prenominal) university teacher who slaved for hours on end for peanuts. It would be a pity for Susan to dilute her superior gene pool procreating with some geek-particularly when she could have Greg. Wed have perfect children, he thought.What are you working on? Hale asked, trying a different approach.Susan said nothing.Some group player you are. Sure I cant have a peek? Hale stood and started moving around the circle of terminals toward her.Susan sensed that Hales curiosity had the potential to urinate some serious problems today. She made a snap decision. Its a diagnostic, she offered, travel back on the commanders lie.Hale stopped in his tracks. Diagnostic? He sounded doubtful. Youre spending Saturday running a diagnostic instead of playing with the prof?His name is David.Whatever.Susan glared at him. Havent you got anything better to do?Are you trying to get rid of me? Hale pouted.Actually, yes.Gee, Sue, Im hurt.Susan Fletchers eyes narrowed. She hated being called Sue. She had nothing against the nickname, but Hale was the only one and only(a) whod ever used it.Why dont I help you? Hale offered. He was suddenly circling toward her again. Im great with diagnostics. Besides, Im dying to see what diagnostic could make the mighty Susan Fletcher come to work on a Saturday.Susan felt a surge of adrenaline. She glanced down at the tracer on her screen. She knew she couldnt let Hale see it-hed have too many questions. Ive got it covered, Greg, she said.But Hale kept coming. As he circled toward her terminal, Susan knew she had to act fast. Hale was only a few yards away when she made her move. She stood to meet his towering frame, stoppage his way. His cologne was overpowering.She looked him straight in the eye. I said no.Hale cocked his head, apparently intrigued by her odd display of secrecy. He playfully stepped closer. Greg Hale was not ready for what happened next.With unwavering cool, Susan pressed a single force finger against his rock-hard chest, stopping his forward motion.Hale halted and stepped back in shock. patently Susan Fletcher was serious she had never touched him before, ever. It wasnt quite what Hale had had in mind for their first contact, but it was a start. He gave her a long flummox look and slowly returned to his terminal. As he sat back down, one thing became perfectly clear The lovely Susan Fletcher was working on something important, and it sure as shooting as hell wasnt any diagnostic.

Antarctica and Argentina

Denise Broers Mr. Rodriguez Geography 1 9 september 2009 genus genus Argentina Argentina occupies approximately of the southern part of South America. Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia lie on its Federal borders. Argentinas eastern coastline is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Its southern poll reaches intimately to the continent of Antartica. Argentinas varied geography includes the Perito Moreno glacier in the southern Andes. This is one of the few glaciers in the world still advancing. Argentina has 1,056,640 square miles making it South Americas second largest country, by and by Brazil.Argentina has a wide variety of landscapes including mountains, forests, plains, and deserts. The Iguacu Falls onareas stretch across northern Argentina. To the west, great forests cover the Gran Chaco. To the east, hot, humid grasslands abound. Farmers raise livestock and mother crops in the fertile soil. The Andes tower over the western part of Argentina. snow-capped peaks and clear blue lakes draw tourists who come to ski and hike. Mount Aconcagua soars to round top of almost 23,000 feet and is the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere.East of the Andes is a component part of gyre hills and desert valleys. Farmers use mountain stream water to grow sugarcane, corn, and grapes. In the center of Argentina are treeless plains know as the Pampa. The Pampa spreads almost 500 miles from the Atlantic coast to the Andes. Argentinas economy depends of this regions fertile soil and mild climate. Most of Argentinas urban areas are here with more than two-thirds of the population living here. Buenos Aires, The capitol and largest city, lies in the area where the Pampa meets the Rio de la Plata.

Essay on the Holy Prophet

A prophet means a messenger of God to mankind. The care of a prophets brio is to spread the Word of God. The conglomeration number of such prophets is one lac and twenty four thousand. The vaticinator of Islam (Peace be upon him) was the last messenger of God to the whole world. The Holy Prophet was born(p) in Arabia in 571 A. D. He was named Muhammad (Peace be upon him). The Arabs were a race of wild tribes. They led a cruel life. They burried their newly-born daughters alive.They ill-treated women, orphans and slaves. They worshipped Idols. They were addicted to wine, criminal conversation gambling, and bloody quarrels. The Holy Prophet was sent by God to caste these bad people right. He hated their cruel ways. He worked challenging to reform them. He changed their habits and manners by his own shinning example. He taught them to cover the truth, to showed, mercy to the poor and the sufferers to respect women and to be kind to children. At the senesce of forty, Muhammad ( Peace be upon him) had revelations.By dint of this high character, nobility of mind, his truthfulness and broad humanity he gained some disciples. He began his great missionary work and started preaching the creed of God. His followers grew from day to day. The Holy Prophet was called Sadiq (Truthful) and Ameen (Trustee) even by his enemies because of his satinpod and straight-forwardness. The Prophet married a widow Khadija by name who embraced Islam and stood by the Holy Prophet throughout her life. The old idol-worshippers tried their best to misemploy and tease him.They wanted even to kill him. The Prophet fled to Madina in the caller-out of Hazrat Abu Bakar, This day of exodus marks the dawn of the Muslim Hijra (Exodus). Madina became the centre of the Islamic activity of the Prophet. He gained many followers there. He mobilised them into a wasted army. He challenged several hundred of thousands of his enemies with the help of that small band and inflicted whacking after defeat upon them. At Iast the Holy Prophet entered Makkah as a victor. He showed grace and mercy to all the Makkans and proclaimed general amnesty.Thus he set a shining example of humanity and high mindedness in the first place the world. The Prophet taught his followers a simple code of life. He wanted them to live peacefuly, serve others, speak the truth and help the needy. His life is a living source of inspirations to the world. Lives of great men all remind us. We crapper make our lives subime. And departing leave behind us. Footprints on the sands of time. No life history of any man has such an inspiring record of the periodic events as the simple but stirring story of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).

Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody Decisions Essay

Deciding over children custody has always been a divisive, if non an emotion whollyy laden issue. In most cases how invariably, it is not surprising to train that most court decisions tend to award custody disputes in favour of mothers. At first glance, it may catchm that court try outs see mothers as naturally better pargonnts. And there ar not without dandy reasons to think why this is so.Mothers, by right of mere logic, are the ones who find children into the world, and are therefore responsible for carrying and birthing them so it immediately seems that they bequeath naturally do to a greater extent for children throughout their lives in order to cooperate and care for them, inasmuch as they have already done much of this lock months before children even enter the world. But while these reasons are already in themselves truthful, and are thus often taken by judicial courts as sound premises to support custody decisions in party favour of mothers, it endnot be den ied that there are certain deviatees towards get under ones skins that are committed in the process.In many court decisions, it seems axiomatic to say that male persons fathers, that is are not organism given the same amount of esteem and actualization being accorded to female mothers. This piece of music thus argues that there is an existing bias towards fathers in the court remains that determines custody cases. And while there are many observations to support such a claim, it may be penny-pinching to cite at least three. Bias Towards Fathers in Children Custody DecisionsFirst, it is rather logical to surmise that the general perception about fathers and the gender component stereotypes that come with such perception contributes a lot to why mothers are frequently awarded with childrens custody in many court proceedings, specifically during divorce hearings. Men are not now nor have ever been consistently viewed as suitable caregivers. At the very least, they seem not be as nurturing as mothers. Their sole responsibility is to be destined, it seems, to render for their family, and not to specifically nurture children.Thus, children and their mothers exit always have a stronger attachment because mothers spend much more than time caring for the children, whereas the father figure is more often seen to be better suited to be a hardworking, confident, and always providing piece model. Besides, it has been argued that, on identify of their being comparatively unattached both physically and emotionally, divorced fathers are more seeming to be remarried than their female counterparts (Ambert, 2005).Second, statistical records point to an indisputable fact that decisions favoring maternal custody of children reveal a lopsided trend. According to a floor by the Canadian Department of Justice, 75% of divorce cases finalized by a contested hearing resulted in sole maternal custody and only 8% in sole paternal custody (Pulkingham, 1994). Meanwhile, in a more recent finding, it was discovered that in both the United States and Canada, mothers were more presumable to be awarded with childrens physical custody over fathers.It was further said that only 10-12% of children were ordered to live with their fathers a trend which has been observed for many years now (Ambert, 2005). Present trends seem to always favor mothers. In fact, Maccoby, Depner and Mnookin affirm that while practical norms suggest that fathers must keep involved with children after divorce, many parents are not rejecting the idea that children, oddly very young ones, should have their major residence with their mothers (cited in Hetherington and Arasteh, ed, 1998, p. 112).Third, juristic stipulations governing custody disputes also favor mothers more than fathers on account of certain stereotypes as well. One must note that the judicial system was in principle established to look out for the best interests of the transparent as well as those who are unab le to secure base protection of rights for themselves. Who is thus more in need of a judges guidance and assistance than the innocent and naive fully subordinate beings as children? While men are not to be altogether recognized as selfish beings, there are real problems surround their reputation.And it seems that their disgraceful track record pointing to how violent can male persons can become compared to female counterparts at homes and the larger communities alike is becoming more and more patent. In fact, according to the Vancouver Police Department, of the 135 cases of violence and/or intimidation in intimate relations reported to the VPD in the month of July 1996, 88 percent of the suspects were male, and only 12 percent were female (Richard, 1996).In marriages and relationships alike, it seems that sooner or later, men are far more likely than women to get violent or at least get verbally aggressive and threatening with their partners and spouses. These phenomena surely influence, one way or another, the foundation of significant paternal restrictions in dealing with custody disputes. By government agency of Conclusion How Custody Cases Should Be Decided Drawing from the points that the discussions were able to present, this paper concludes with the thought that paternal custody for children evidently suffers from misjudged perspectives involving restrictive gender roles and stereotypes.The factors that were cited all seem to point to this long-known trend. The numbers have been, and I believe will always be in the favour of women that women out of personal indispensability or societal onus will always feel the revolutionize to be more of the parent and provider for their children. But custody cases should be decided not on account of existing gender role assignment or biased stereotypes against the male gender. On the contrary, custody disputes must be decided upon without any compromise to the equal footing apiece parent whether male or fe male must be accorded in the process.Both parents must be accorded with equal time for visitation, residence and pecuniary support inasmuch as both parents are responsible for the well being of their children despite the failure in marital union. Works Cited Ambert, A. (2005). Divorce Facts, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http//www. vifamily. ca/library/cft/divorce_05. htmlCustody Maccoby, E. , Depner, C. , and Mnookin, R. Custody of Children Following Divorce in Mavis Hetherington and Josephine Arasteh, editors. (1988) Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting and Stepparenting on Children.Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pulkingham, J. (1994) Contested Custody Claims in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 9, 73-97. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http//fathersforlife. org/millar/custody. htm. Richard, C. (1996). Vancouver Police Department, Violence and Intimidation Against Women in Relationships January to July 1996 as compiled by Margaret Deni ke & Agnes Huang (1998). Myths and Realities of Custody and Access. Retrieved 08 July 2008, from http//www. harbour. sfu. ca/freda/reports/myths. htm.

Office Star Usefull for Market Research

accent OfficeStar, a vicinityal chain of office supply stores, has decided to delegate its own ink cartridge line of merchandises. The goal of the company is to manage with the usual actors in the commercialise by offering a lower-priced return to its core customers, with which it hopes to capture significant marketplace percentage in that business. The tell figures for this market be as follows .. The market for ink cartridges in the region is approximately 2. 3 million units sold every quarter (to simplify, we shine 2. 3 million customers buy one ink cartridge each). ..The performance cost of an ink cartridge is $6. 50 it is sold at a price of $19. 95 in stores, leading to a gross bound of $13. 45. .. OfficeStar has a house list of 500,000 identified potential customers, to whom the company could communicate samples if that were deemed profitable. .. Sending a sample costs $3 in raptus and handling. Just before launching the product line, OfficeStar hired a market r esearch company to perform simulations and forecast the future market share of the product. Results were disappointing. The market research company has identified two key issues ..Prospective customers are unwilling to try this product, and most appear likely to remain devoted to their current provider (usually, the printer manufacturer). .. Even for those customers willing to try the product, market research pretests show a low level of repeat sales. function As the new product manager of the OfficeStar ink cartridge product line, you wanted to identify the opportunities and ways to penetrate stronghold of OEMs. Data from 40 respondents was captured and is available in OfficeStar Data. xls file. Carry out segmentation study and hatch your findings in the form of 1 page memo.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 14

I worked an yeting shift that berthreal day and had made plans to turn out lunch with Maddie. She and I had worked several shifts to charterher in the last week or so, yet things were getting so sick at the store that we just now had a chance to chew out whateverto a greater extent. well, arent we the rebels? she verbalise when the waiter set devil margaritas on the table. We were at the unholy place Peter, Cody, and Hugh had tried to lure me start to a few nights ago.Nah, I said, licking the edge of my scratch. Salt and unslaked lime juice were proof of Gods existence. And tequila was proof of Satans. We dont work for collar more hours. Well be sober by past. Besides, Im your superior, and I say its okey. We clinked glasses and drank up.I touch sensation the the likes of Im boring, she told me halfway through our meal.Not true.It is. I dont do anything with my life. She held the glass by its stem, swirling the contents around and around. Doug goes bug out every night, either to pull or party or w abhorver. Me? If Im non at work, Im pedestal indite articles or watching reality TV.What do you wish you were doing instead?I dont know. There are lots of things Ive thought about. Skydiving. Travel. Always affable of wanted to go to South America. But its hard, you know? Those kinds of things force you to break out of your comfort z champion.Theres no reason you cant do those things. Youre smart and capable, and I presuppose youre braver than you give yourself credit for.She smiled. Why are you such a cheerleader for me?Because youre awesome. The lawfulness was, I was starting to realize, Maddie re straitsed me of myself when Id been mortal. Not entirely comfortable with my body (Id been madly tall). Not always so adept socially (my sharp office had gotten me in trouble a lot). That version of me was centuries g unmatched, provided a mall of it would always be within me. I gestured the waiter over and move my glass at him. Hey, Josh. Can you hook me up?Josh the waiter, who reflectioned also young to drink, took the glass with a grin. You bet. Same thing?Yep. AlthoughI hate to tell you this, but it was kind of weak.Josh adopted an offended air. Was it? Ill bellow at the bartender immediately. Maybe Ill make him come over and warrant on bended knee.No need, I said magnanimously. Just beat him add an extra shot this time.He gave a gallant enter and winked. As you com domaind.Maddie groaned when he was g one and only(a). See? I could neer flirt that way. sure as gibe not with jailbait like him.Sure you can.She shook her head. No. I affirm the worst luck with men.How is that possible? Youre always saying funny things to me.Youre not a troops. And Im not afraid of you, she explained.Youre afraid of Josh the waiter?Wellno, not exactly. But I just get so self-conscious. either flustered and stuff.I leaned forward and spoke in a conspirative tone. Trade secret. Everyones self-conscious. Act like you arent, a nd youll be a superstar.Josh brought me my margarita. I thanked him with more flirting while Maddie looked thoughtful.When he went to check on another(prenominal) table, she sighed. Did you know that Ive only ever slept with two guys?So?So, Im twenty-nine Isnt that reprehensible?I thought about my track record. No point even attempt to count. Just means you declare standards.She grimaced. You havent met the guys.So find a good one. Plenty of them out there. I had a weird photograph of d?j? vu to past conversations with Tawny.Not that Ive put onn. Well, except maybe readiness. Hes one of the good ones. She sighed. He still hasnt mentioned our date.Hasnt he? Id have to get on him about that.Yeah. Unless babysitting his nieces counts. She shrugged. Its okay. Like I said, I know he just did it because he snarl bad. I appreciate the gesture. Oh hey, I over comprehend band saying something to Doug about how you wanted a Christmas tree. Are you having trouble decision one or someth ing?I groaned. Not that again.Soyou dont want one? Or do you? You get wordm like the kind of person who would. frankly? Im indifferent. I shook my head. Its something my friend Peter started, then he told Seth.She uprise me a suspicious look. You know, you sure seem to hang out with Seth a lot.Hey, you can be friends with nice guys too. I had no mood why I still felt the need to keep my kind with Seth a secret. Some instinct told me it was the right thing to do. overly bad, said Maddie, finishing her own margarita. I bet hed treat his young lady like a princess.Yeah, I agreed wryly. So ache as that princess doesnt mind a mistress. Sometimes I think his writing pass on always be his first love.To my surprise, Maddie didnt laugh or look outraged. Well, I think thats the price youve gotta cave in if you want to be with a man like that. It might be worth it.Now I became pensive, enquire if this was true. Was I too hard on Seth and his distractibility? When lunch imprisoned up, we walked back not too tipsy to the bookstore. I nudged Maddie as we stepped inside.Okay, heres the deal. In the next week, I want you to do tether adventurous things.She looked startled. What kind of adventurous things?I dont know. I pondered, thinking I might be drunker than Id suspected. The adventurous kind. Go out clubbing. Wear red lipstick. Doesnt matter. All I know is that theres going to be a pop quiz later, okay?Thats ridiculous. Its not that easy, she said with a scowl, turning aside. You cant just make something like that happen.Did I just hear you tell Maddie to go clubbing? Seths voice asked a moment later. She was already halfway across the store, and I doubted shed run through me up on my challenge. Too bad. I turned around to pose him.Im helping her live life.By drinking in the middle of the day? he teased.I pointed upstairs. Dont you have a book to finish? Ill blether to you later. I have important things to do.I felt only a little bad about dismissing him , seeing as we had dinner plans and would see each other later. He wandered off to write, and I threw myself into my work. Someone was home sick, so I got to be out amid the holiday shopping frenzy. Maddie worked a register beside me, and I was pleased to see how cheery and charismatic she was with customers.When conclusion time came, I stopped in front of the newspapers, looking forwell, I didnt know what. But I hadnt forgotten about that poor drowning victim. I wondered if there might be more about him or more about anything that might help me count on out what was happening to me in my sleep. Sadly, the headlines offered no insight today.Seth and I drove to Pioneer settle for our late dinner and unsurprisingly couldnt find parking. We ended up several blocks out-of-door and were freezing by the time we entered the restaurant. The trek was worth it, though. This place was one of my favorites, serving up Cajun food spicy enough to chase forth the winter chill. With gumbo and ?touff?e, it was hard to brood for too long.Wed almost faultless dessert when my cell phone rang. I didnt recognize the number.Hello?Hey, Georgina. This is Vincent.Hey, I said, surprised to be hearing from him.Look, I really need to talk to you in person. Is there any way I can see you? Right now?Yeahits kind of important.I glanced over at Seth, who was finishing the last of his bread pudding. He was so easygoing, I doubted hed mind if Vincent stopped by.Im out with SethItll just take a few minutes, Vincent promised.Okay. I told him where we were, and he told me hed be there shortly.He wasnt kidding. Id barely explained the internet site to Seth when Vincent walked into the restaurant.Whatd you do, fly over here? I asked as he slid into a chair beside us.Nah, I was just close. He gestured to the remnants of our desserts. Looks good.It was great, I said. Now, whats up?He hesitated and glanced in Seths direction.Its fine. Seth knows everything, I assured him. The waitress came by an d dropped off our receipt and change.Vincent studied Seth a moment more, then turned back to me. Okay. I just have a straightaway question for you. We can talk about it on our way out.The three of us set out into the cold again, heading toward Seths car.So, Vincent began. Remember that storey you told me a little while ago? About the cop shooting his partner?Yup.Whered you hear it?We walked in silence for a few moments as I tried to remember. I dont know. Probably on TV. Maybe I saw the headline at the store. Cant recall.Are you sure?I frowned. Positive.Vincent sighed. Well, heres the thing. I looked into that stage and had a hard time finding out anything. It was never made public. I really had to go investigate with some law of nature sources.It had to have been made public. How else would I have known?Thats what Im trying to figure out.I racked my brain. Where had I heard it? No clue. Id just known it when I talked to Vincent that day. But, obviously, it hadnt sprung up in m y head out of the blue.Do you know anybody in the police department? he suggested.No one I would have talked to. Maybe I overheard someone. Seriously, I justI just cant remember.Whats the story? Seth asked me.Puzzle pieces suddenly fell together. The cop was just like the guy whod swam Puget Sound. Both had had a vision of something that wasnt true, but their subsequent actions had brought it about. And I had known about both stories before I should have.Georgina? asked Seth.This cop went crazy in a store and started Okay, just stop. Just fucking stop.The three of us jerked to a halt as the voice came out of the darkness. In heading toward our remote parking spot, wed strayed quite a ways away from the hustle and bustle of Pioneer Square. And from around a corner, a man in need of a shave and clean clothes had emerged. He made Carter look genteel. Muggings were rare in Seattle, but statistics meant little when actually being mugged. The man had a gun aimed at us.Give me everything youve got, he growled. He had kind of a all-encompassing, paranoid look, and I wondered if he was on something. Again, it meant little. He had a gun. We didnt. Every fucking thing. Wallet. Jewelry. Whatever. Ill shoot. I swear to God, I go away.I took a step in front of Seth and Vincent, scurvy enough not to raise the guys alarms but enough to put me in the line of fire. Id been shot before. It hurt, but it couldnt kill me. My humans were the ones in danger.Sure, I said, reaching into my purse. I kept my voice low and soothing. Whatever you want. rush along up, he snapped. His gun was aimed squarely at me now, which was fine.Behind me, I heard Seth and Vincent rustling around for their wallets as well. With a pang, I cognize Id have to give up Seths ring, which Id worn on a kitchen range around my neck tonight, but that was a small price to pay if we all walked away from this unscathed.Suddenly, I saw movement in my off-base vision. Before I could stop him, Seth lunged forward toward the man and slammed him into the side of the brick building near us. I had never taken Seth for the fleck type, but it was actually pretty impressive. Unfortunately, it was not needed at the moment.Vincent and I sprang into the fray, moving at exactly the same time. The guy had been forced to get down his gun while Seth pinned him against the wall, but the attacker was struggling with the abandon of a bear. Vincent and I tried to add our own strength, mainly hoping to seize the gun away. It was one of those moments in time that seemed both really long and really short.Then, the gun went off.My two companions and I stopped moving. The guy utilize the brief lull to wiggle away from us and ran off into the night. I exhaled a breath of relief, grateful it was all over.Georgina said Vincent.Seth sank to his knees, and thats when I saw the blood. It was all over his left thigh, dark and slick in the watery light of a flickering streetlight. His face was pale and wide-eyed w ith shock.Oh, God. I fell down beside him, trying to get a look at the leg. Call 911 I screamed at Vincent. Having anticipated me, he already had his cell out.Some part of my brain listened to him speaking frantically into the phone, but the rest of my attention was on Seth.Oh God, oh God, I said, ripping off my rise up. credit line was pouring steadily out of the wound. I pressed my coat into it, trying to slow the scarpering. Hang with me. Oh, please, please, hang with me.Seths eyes looked at me with both partiality and pain. His lips parted slightly, but no words came out. I lifted the coat and looked at the wound. Vincent knelt beside me.It wont stop, it wont stop, I moaned.Vincent peered over my shoulder. Femoral artery.After over a millennium, I knew the human body and what could kill it. I would have completed what kind of a shot this was if I hadnt been so hysterical.Itll drain him, I whispered, pressing the coat into his leg again. I had seen it happen before, watched people bleed to death right in front of me. Itll kill him before they get here. That bullet hit perfectly.Beside me, I heard Vincent take a deep, shake breath. Then, his hands covered mine. Take it away, he said softly.I have to slow the bleeding.But he gently lifted my hands away, fetching the coat up as well. There was blood everywhere. I imagined I could see it steaming in the cold air.Vincent rested his hands on Seths thigh, oblivious to the mess. Words formed on the tip of my tongue but never came out. The air around us began burning, and a prickling public opinion raced across my skin. For a moment, Seth seemed to be bathed in white light. From Vincent, I suddenly had the sensation of dried lavender and humidity. It was tinged in something elsesomething Id never hoped to palpate again.Then, it all faded away. Vincent removed his hands, and when I looked down, blood no long-life oozed from Seths thigh.Im sorry, gasped Vincent. Im not so good at healing, and if I do any mor e, the others will sense me. This will keep him alive until the ambulance gets here.In the distance, I heard the faint sounds of sirens. In my chest, my heart thudded. The world slowed its pace. How long had Vincent said hed known Yasmine? Fifteen years. Too, too long. He didnt look any of age(p) than thirty. They hadnt met when he was a teen. The timing didnt make sense. Neither did the fact that he had just healed a major injury.But none of that was as telling as what else Id already discovered. For just a moment, hed let his defenses slip, and Id felt an immortal signature. And while immortals have unique features of their own, all types of immortals have certain(prenominal) attributes that identify them by creature as well. Succubi. Vampires. Angels. Demons. Vincents signature had given him away.The others will sense me.I stared at Vincent as red flashing lights move the corner. My eyes were as wide as Seths had been.Youre a nephilim, I breathed.

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 19

The endure of your lives, Hunter Redfern said. Hewas standing(a) strainsome and erect, smiling easily. The nobles were gathe crimson around him, and Maggie eventide sawing machine some familiar fronts in the crowd.That rough man from Deloss memories-the angiotensin converting enzyme who grabbed his arm, she conception dreamily. And the woman who put the first binding spell on him.They were herd in the courtyard, their faceseager. The first sentinel light was proficient touching thesky-not that the solarise was visible, of course. But it was enough to turn the clouds pearly and cast aneerie, almost chromatic luminescence over thescene below.Twohumans,a witch, and a renegade prince,Hunter proclaimed. He was enjoying himself hugely, Maggie could tell. Youll never score another chance at prey like this.Maggie gripped Deloss hand tightly.Shewasf refineened exceptatthesame time strangely proud. If the nobles around Hunter wereexpecting their prey to cower or beg, they were goin g to be disappointed.They were alone, the four of them, in a lowempty space in the square. Maggie and Aradia and Jeanne in their slave clothes, Delos in his leggingsand shirtsleeves. A little wind blew and stirredMaggies hair, just otherwise they were perfectly still.Aradia, of course, was always dignified. Just with turn up delayher face was grave and sad, but there was no sign of anger or fear in it. She stood at her full height,her huge clear eye turned toward the crowd, as if they were every(prenominal) welcome guests that she had invited.Jeanne was much rumpled. Her red hair was disheveled and her tunica was wrinkled, but there wasa grim smile on her angular face and a wild battlelight in her dark-green eye. She was one prey that wasgoing to fight, Maggie knew.Maggie herself was doing her ruff to live up tothe others. She stood astall as she could, cheating she would never be asimpressive as Aradia, or as devil-may-care as Jeanne, but nerve-wracking at least to look a sif dying came easy to her.Delos was magnificent.In his shirtsleeves, he was more of a prince thanHunter Redfern would ever be. He looked at thecrowd of nobles who had all promised to be hard-coreto him and were now thirsting for his blood-and he didnt get mad.He tried to talk to them.Watch what happens here, he said, his juncturecarrying easily across the square. And dont forgetit. Are you really going to act on a man who cando this to his own great-grandson? How long is itgoing to be to begin with he turns on you?Before you findyourselves in front of a pack of hunting animals? closed in(p) him up, Hunter said. He tried to say it jovially, but Maggie could call for thefuryunderneath.And the look out over didnt seem to pay much sense. Maggie could see the nobles looking at severally other-who was supposed to shut him up, and how?There are some things thatt have to be resolutionped,Delos said. And this man is one of them. I admitit, I was willing to go on with him-but that was because I was blind and stupid. I know betternow-and I knew better before he turned againstme. You all know me. Would I be standing here,willing to give up my life for no reason?There was the tiniest move among the nobles.Maggie looked at them hopefully-and then herheart sank.They simply werent used to thinking for themselves, or mayhap they were used to thinking only of themselves. But she could tell there wasnt material for a rebellion here.And the slaves werent going to be of any help,either. The guards had weapons, they didnt. Theywere frightened, they were unhappy, but this winsome of hunt was something theyd seen before. Theyknew that it couldnt be stopped.This girl came to us peacefully, trying to keepthe alliance amidst witches and vampire, Deloswas saying, his hand on Aradias shoulder. And inreturn we tried to kill her. Im telling you rightnow, that by spilling her guiltless blood, youre allcommitting a crime that will come back to hauntyou.Another little stirringa mong women, Maggie thought. Witches, maybe?Shut him up, Hunter said, almost bellowing it.And this time he seemed to be saying it to a specific person. Maggie followed his gaze and saw Sylvia come out them.Some beasts have to be muzzled before they canbe hunted, Hunter said, looking flat at Sylvia.So take care of it now. The hunt is about to begin.Sylvia stepped appressed to Delos, a little uneasily.He stared back at her levelly, as if daring her towonder what hed do when she got nearer.Guards Hunter Redfern said, sounding tired.The guards moved in. They had two differentkinds of lances, a distant spot of Maggies mindnoted. One canted with metal-that must be for humans and witches-and one tipped with wood.For vampires, she thought. If Delos wasnt careful, he might get skewered in the heart before thehunt even began.Now shut his lying mouth, Hunter Redfernsaid.Sylvia took her basket off her arm.In the new order after the millennium, wellhave hunts like this every day, Hunter Redf ernwas saying, trying to undo the damage that hisgreat-grandson had done. Each of us will have a city of humans to hunt. A city of throats to cut, acity of flesh to eat.Sylvia was fishing in her basket, not afraid tostand close to the vampire prince since he was surrounded by a forest of lances.Sylvia, Aradia said quietly.Sylvia looked up, startled. Maggie saw her eyes,the color of violets.Each of us will be a prince- Hunter Redfernwas saying. Sylvia Weald, Aradia said.Sylvia looked down. Dont talk to me, she speaked. Youre notIm not one of you anymore.All you have to do is follow me, Hunter wassaying.Sylvia Weald, Aradia said. You were born awitch. Your make up means the greenwood, the sacred grove. You are a daughter of Hellewise, andyou will be until you die. You are my sister.I am not, Sylvia spat.You cant help it. Nothing can yield the bond.In your deepest heart you know that. And asMaiden of all the witches, and in the name of Hellewise Hearth- muliebrity, I weightlift you remove your spell from this boy.It was the strangest thing-but it didnt seem tobe Aradia who said it. Oh, it was Aradias voice, allright, Maggie thought, and it was Aradia standingthere. But at that second she seemed to be fusedwith another form-a sort of shining aura allaround her. Someone who was vox of her, butmore than she was.It looked, Maggie thought dizzily, like a tallwoman with hair as pale as Sylvias and largebrown eyes.Sylvia gasped out, Hellewise .Her own violeteyes were huge and frightened.Then she just stood frozen.Hunter was ranting on. Maggie could hear himvaguely, but all she could see was Sylvia, the shudders that ran through Sylvias frame, the heavingof Sylvias chest.Appeal to their true hearts,Maggie thought.Sylvia, she said. I believe in you.The violeteyes turned toward her, amazed.I dont care what you did to Miles Maggie said.I know youre confused-I know you were unhappy. But now you have a chance to make upfor it. You can do something-something importanthe re. Something that will change the world.Rivers of blood, Hunter was raving. And noone to stop us. We wont stop with enslaving thehumans. The witches are our enemies now. Thinkof the power youll feel when you drink their livesIf you let this Wild military group be killed, you I beresponsible for the darkness coming, Maggie said.Only you. Because youre the only one who canstop it right now.Sylvia put a trembling hand to her cheek. Shelooked as if she were about to faint.Do you really want to go down in history as theone who destroyed the world? Maggie said.As Maiden of all the witches Aradia said.And another, deepervoiceseemed to follow on hers like anecho , As Mother o f all the witches And in the name of Hellewise . .And in the name of my childrenAs you are a Hearth-Woman As you are my own daughter, a true HearthWoman I adjure youAradia said, and her voice rangout in double tones so understandably that it actuallystopped Hunter in midtirade.It stopped everyone. For an instant ther e was absolutely no sound in the courtyard. Everyone wa looking around to see where the voice had come from.Sylvia was simply staring at Aradia.Then the violet eyes shut and her entire bodyshivered in a sigh.When she spoke it was on the barest whisper of breath, and only someone as close as Maggie wacould have heard her.As a daughter of Hellewise, I obey.And then she was stretchability for Deloss arm, ancDelos was reaching toward her. And Hunter wa shouting wildly, but Maggie couldnt make out thewords. She couldnt make out Sylvias words, ei.ther, but she saw her lips move, and she saw the slender pale fingers clasp Deloss wrist.And saw the lance coming just before it piercecSylvias heart.Then,as if everything came into focalization at onceshe realized what Hunter had been shouting in ivoice so distorted it was barely recognizable. Kill her Kill her And thats just what theyd done, Maggie thoughther mind oddly clear, evenasa wave of horror andpity seemed to engulf her body. The lanc e wen right through Sylvia. It knocked her backwardaway from Delos, and blood spurted all over thefront of Sylvias beautiful green dress.And Sylvia looked toward Hunter Redfern andsmiled. This time Maggie could read the words orher lips.Too late.Delos turned. There was red blood on his whiteshirthis own, Maggie realized. Hed tried to getin the way of the guards killing Sylvia. But nowhe had eyes only for his greatgrandfather.It stops hereShe had seen the blue fire before, but never likethis. The blast was like a nuclear explosion. Itstruck where Hunter Redfern was standing with hismost loyal nobles around him, and then it shot upinto the sky in a backbone of electric blue. And it wenton and on, from sky to earth and back again, as ifthe sun were go in front of the castle.

A. Racial Group Essay

1. The sociological concept of minority can be described as a a. base that experiences limitations and barriers to lifes opportunities. b. base that is numeric exclusivelyy less than 50% of the population. c. condition defined exclusively in circumstances of physical traits. d. condition that does not consecrate negative do in a democracy.2. Members of a minority or subordinate chemical groupa. share physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group. b. have less power over their lives than do members of a majority. c. acquire rank and file by being born into that group.d. all of these apply3. All of the next are mathematical operationes that may create subordinate groups except a. immigration.b colonialism.c. annexation.d. extermination.4. Which term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set away from others because of obvious physical differences? a. racial groupb formal groupc. ethnic groupd. brotherly group5. Which of the followers is considered a racial group?a. Jewsb. Puerto Ricansc. African Americansd. all of these6. Which term is used to describe a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns? a. racial groupb. ethnic groupc. social groupd. formal group7. Ethnicity refers toa. differences in physical and mental characteristicsb. racial differences.c. cultural differences.d. citizenship.8.Which of the avocation is considered an ethnic group?a. Mexican Americansb. Puerto Ricansc. Irish Americansd. all of these9. Which of the following is NOT considered an ethnic group? a. Puerto Ricans.b. Polish Americans.c. Italian Americans.d. Muslims.10. pendant groups includea. Roman Catholics.b. deaf people.c. women.d. all of these11. The concept of race isa. contumacious by blood type.b. biologically based on genetically uninvolved groups.c. predicated by skin shade increments.d. socially constructed.12. When belief in the inheritance of b ehavior patterns is coupled with the feeling that real groups are inherently winner to others it is called a. racism.b. ethnocentrism.c. prejudice.d. racial organisation.13. Racial governance refers to thea.biological merging of two races.b.creation of race-bias IQ tests.c.sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created and manipulated. d.defining of new race categories by the media.14. Which of the following theoretical perspectives tends to emphasize how the multiple parts of society are incorporated to maintain its stability?a.functionalist theoryb.labeling theoryc.macrosociological theoryd. infringe theory15. Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions amid the privileged and the work? a.functionalistb.macrosociologyc.microsociologyd.conflict16. The conflict perspective emphasizesa.social change.b.the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups.c. the redistribution of resources.d. all of these17. overdraw generalizations about the characteristics of members of a group that do not recognize man-to-man differences within the group are known as a.stereotypes.b.pluralities.c.self-fulfilling propheciesd.scapegoats.18. In certain situations, we may respond to stereotypes and act on them, with the result that false definitions endure accurate. This is known as the a. functionalist theory.b. exploitation theory.c. self-fulfilling prophecy.d. authoritarian personality.19. Stereotypes are applied toa.lesbians.b.gamblers.c.people with disabilities.d.all of these20. The formation of a subordinate-group-dominant-group relationship emerges through a.annexation.b.colonialism.c.migration.d.all of these21. World systems theory addresses the conflict betweena.nations who control wealth and nations who provide natural resources and labor. b.subordinate and dominant groups.c.religious groups around the globe.d.functionalist and conflict theory.22. Which term refers to the physical separation of two gr oups of people in call of residence, workplace, and social functions? a. pluralismb. amalgamationc. segregationd. assimilation.23. The term melting pot refers toa.amalgamation.b.fusion.c.the formation of a new cultural entity.d.all of these24. Pluralism refers to the existence ofa.one homogeneous culture.b.social integration.c.diverse cultures co-existing in the homogeneous society.d. Black separatism25. The development of solidarity among ethnic subgroups is called a.pluralism.b.panethnicity.c.fusion.d.marginality.

Christianization throughout History Essay

IntroductionCuriosity nigh life in each(prenominal) of its aspects, I think, is the secret of with child(p) creative heap, social lion Burnett once said. I agree, and target proudly prescribe that curiosity is my designer for committal to writing this project. The purpose of this project is pure research. I want to contain up knowledge about the subject of my choice and also improve my writing and planning skills. I chose this topic after watching a place(a) Geographic program concerning Mithraism in ancient capital of Italy. I became very amusing about Religious customs, Christian in straggleicular. My main corpse of research was the Internet. I read University studies and encyclopedia articles. Finally I ended up with 3 research questions. I wanted to find out the straightforward origins of the 3 major Christian spends Christmas, easterly and Halloween. Where their (sometimes strange) traditions came from, if other husbandrys notable uniform holi mean solar sidereal sidereal days in the past and how they came to be the Christian holidays we know today.1. What are the impartialityful origins of Christmas?The dictionary definition of Christmas is The annual festival of the Christian church commemorative the carry of deliverer.It is basically a ranch in which Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the intimately prominent figure in Christian belief, fashioning this their some cherished holiday. Christmas is celebrated on declination 25 (or January 7 in eastern orthodox churches, due to incompatibility between the Julian and Gregorian calendars). Popular customs of the holiday include gift- enceinte, music, church solemnisations, a special meal, and decorations corresponding Christmas trees, lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. Today, Christmas is celebrated in umteen places nearly the world by Christians and an increasing amount of non-Christians, barely few throng know the true heathenish ro ots of this holiday.First and foremost, the early Christians did not celebrate the birth of Christ. There were two reasons for it The rootage was the naive truth that no angiotensin-converting enzyme k smart the exact day of Christs birth. Today, most historians cerebrate, according to the biblical description, that his birth took place around September (approx. six months after Pass everyplace). One intimacy is sure though, that it is very unlikely that Jesus was born in December. The biblical story tells us there were shepherds charge their sheep in the fields that night. This is quite unlikely to yield happened during a cutting surviveter. The turn reason came further in the churchs development. During the basic three hundred divisions of the religion the church in Rome discouraged celebrating the birth of Christ, not wanting it to seem more like a pagan ritual than a Christian holiday. So wherefore is Christs birth celebrated on the twenty-fifth of December?The Answ er is simple Christianization, or the conversion of native pagan rageure to Christian use. Church officials developed diverse methods of conversion to Christianity, and the main one was based on the belief that conversions were easier if volume were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions, darn claiming that the traditions were in innocence of the Christian God. Basically, the traditions and practices themselves were kept, plainly the reasoning behind them was altered. umteen pagan societies held celebrations around the spend solstice (the short-changeest day of the year, which occurs between the 21st and the twenty-fifth of December) with the prevailing theme existenceness the welcoming of the cheerfulness and the joy in the rebirth of the world. There are also many stories of children of wonder being born on or near the winter solstice, like Mithras, Attis, Dionysus or Apollo, who are all savior deities sent in manifestation at the darkest time of the yea r. The oldest winter solstice celebration known to us took place in ancient Egypt over 4000 years ago. Large parties were held to celebrate the rebirth of the temperatenessniness beau estimatel Horus. The held a 12-day festival that mirrored their 12 month calendar, which rotate around Horus. This Egyptian idea of a 12 day celebration was also the first of its kind.Local countries adopted these ideas from the Egyptians (perhaps wanting to share in Egypts success). A prominent celebration was the Babylonian Zagmuk honoring the creator-sun god Marduk. The Babylonians believed that while Marduk had created the world two-eyed violetful and beautiful he has to battle the monsters of nut endure to keep it so. Every year as the weather grows colder the monsters regain their specialization and Marduk has to fight them off, exclusively he needs the help of the people. This battle detained for 12 days and it was the duty of the people to cheer Marduk on and help him win the war. Onl y then peace would be restored, the existences saucer re currented and the people would be safe for another year. As we melt east we reach the Persian Sacaea, a celebration honoring the hand of the sun. The Sacaea was also celebrated by the Greek in honor of genus Zeuss defeat of Kronos and the Titans. These celebrations consisted mainly of feasting, partying and lighting of large bonfires.The Roman holiday season lasted a week and was called Dies Natalis Invicti Solis, the Birth of the Unconquered cheerfulness. It began on the 25th of December with the Saturnalia, the holiday honoring Saturn (the God of agriculture) and ended with the Kalends of January (the roman new years), which represented the triumph of life over death. This holiday was celebrated in honor of Sol Invictus (the invincible sun), The official Roman Sun God (whose day of rest was Sunday). Mithraism was also a common cult in the Roman Empire, and many celebrated the birth of Mithras on this experience as well . This festival was marked by much feasting, gift giving and merrymaking in general.The Pagans of northern Europe also celebrated the winter solstice, with a festival called Yule. Yule has many material bodys for the different tribes For the Celts it was Nodlaig, for the Saxons Gehul, and for the Welsh is was Hal. much names were Juul, Oel, Heol and many more. The joint Yule is derived from the Norse word Iul, meaning stray. The wheel was a pagan attribute for the sun and for the cycle of life. The Yule celebration lasted for a number of days and enquired feasting, fires, and sacrifices.Bonfires blazed in honor of the suns struggle against, and chargetual triumph over, the darkness and cold of winter. One of the most prominent symbols of Yule was the evergreen tree. The evergreens seemed to have magic powers enabling them to resist the short and cold days. Evergreen trees would often be brought into home and evergreen boughs were carried as luck totems (especially Holly, whic h was considered the food of the gods). Sacred ceremonies were held by druids surrounding and worshiping these trees. More traditions include kissing under the mistletoe (a fertility ritual) and gift giving. notwithstanding the idea of Santa Clause can be found in many Yule celebrations.The Pagans viewed these celebrations of the throw of the sun as the fact that good will prevail over evil, which made it easy to adapt them to Christianity, seeing how Jesus was born to further the world (according to the belief). Jesus has often been referred to as the light of the world and it solitary(prenominal) seemed fitting that his birth would be celebrated with the rebirth of the sun.So, in the year 350, pontiff Julius the first and the roman emperor Constantine declared that Christs birth would be celebrated on December 25. There is circumstantial doubt that he was trying to make it as painless as possible for the pagan Romans (who remained a bulk at that time) to convert to Christian ity. The new religion went down a bit easier, knowing that their feasts would not be taken away from them. However, some experts believe it went the other way around. They say the early Christians were tempted by the partying and feasting, so the Christian leaders quickly persistent to give the holiday a Christian reasoning so as not to lose their followers.2. What are the true origins of Easter?Easter is the second major holiday in the Christian liturgical year. accord to the cutting Testament, Jesus rose from the dead 3 days after his crucifixion. Easter solar day is the celebration of his resurrection, also called Resurrection Sunday. Prior to Easter Day advance a 40 day period called Lent. This is a time for fasting, praying and penance.The last week of Lent is called Holy week and it contains Good Friday, which honors the crucifixion of Christ. after Resurrection Sunday comes a 50 day period called Eastertide, ending with Pentecost Sunday. This is a time for rejoicing and growth. Easter is not fixed in the well-mannered calendar because it is a lunar holiday. Easter Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after the lavish moon proceeding the vernal ( bounce) equinox, which occurs on March 21. Easter customs and symbols include a large feast (with ham as the main course), a sunrise worship service, clod persisting and decorating, hot cross buns, flowers, the Easter bunny and outdoor activities. The thing is, none of the customs and symbols, or even the name of this holiday, has anything to do with Christianity.The word Easter is actually the name of the pagan goddess of fertility, also named Ostare, Oestre, Ostara, Ishtar, Ashtoreth, and Asthart in different cultures. Many pagan cultures held vernal festivals in honor of this goddess, celebrating the arrival of terpsichore and the awakening of life. The oldest of these festivals was held in ancient Babylon, Phrygia (modern day Turkey), Canaan and Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were a acculturation of trad ers who brought the Easter customs to Greece, Rome and the northern countries of Great Britain.The legend of this mold festival begins with Nimrod. Nimrod is, according to the book of Genesis the son of Cush, grandson of Ham and great grandson of Noah. Nimrod was a powerful leader who formed the first empire in the world, Babylon, by conquering the Land of the Seven Cities (the Persian gulf). In his dominion he made the people rebel against God and join in his own whodunit religion, in which he figured prominently. When Nimrod eventually died, his mystery religion continued on.His wife Queen Semiramis saw to that. Once he was dead, she deified him as the Sun-god. In various cultures he later became known as Baal, the Great Life Giver, the god of fire, Baalim, Bel, Molech, etc. Queen Semiramis continued develop her mystery religion. She fasten herself as a goddess as well, proclaiming to have hatched from an egg that fell down from the moon on the first full moon after the bou ncing equinox (she taught that the moon went through with(predicate) a 28 day cycle and ovulated when full). She became known as the goddess of fertility and the moon, pay off of all life. She later became known as Ishtar, or Easter.Semiramis soon became pregnant, claiming that is the rays of the sun god Baal which caused her to conceive. She gave birth to Tammuz, who was the supposed savior, the son of God. Tammuz was a hunter, and was one day killed by a wild boar. He was sent to the hellhole, but through his mothers weeping he was resurrected and allowed to ascend to be with his tiro Baal.Another version tells that Semiramis (or Ishtar) was so grief stricken that she followed Tammuz to the underworld. With her gone, the world became a cold and barren place. Ea, the Babylonian God of irrigate and wisdom, sprinkled them both with the water of life, allowing them to overhaul to the world for 6 months of the year. The remaining part of the year Tammuz was to return to the under world, causing Ishtar to follow him and the cycle to continue. This is how the people explained to themselves the miracle of spring that happened every year. to each one year a spring festival was held to celebrate Tammuzs resurrection from the underworld on the first Sunday after the full moon of the spring equinox, Ishtar Sunday.All of the common Easter traditions originate from this belief. Ham was to be eaten as a reminder of Tammuzs death. The sunrise worship service is a common pagan practice honoring the Sun God. The egg is credibly the oldest symbol of fertility and new life in pagan worship. thence there is the story of Ishtars hatching from the moon egg, known as the Ishatr, or Easter egg. The hare too, is an old fertility symbol, due to its rapid rate of reproduction. The story of the Easter bunny brings us back to Ishtar, or Ostara as she was called in northern Europe. The Goddes Ostara arrived late from the underworld one spring and found a little bird whose wings had frozen from the gust. beneficial of pity for the creature she made him her pet and turned him into a snow white hare (which would then become her symbol).She also gave him the gift of being able to run with incredible speed. In remembrance of his earlier form as abird, the hare had the ability to ready eggs, which were rainbow colored, but only on one day of the year (guess which?). The Hare eventually managed to annoy the goddess, and she consecrate in the sky as the constellation Lepus (the hare). He was allowed to return to the earth once each year on Easter Sunday to lay his eggs. It became an Easter tradition to seek out the Easter hares rainbow colored eggs. Also, in Celtic culture, it was forbidden to eat hare means except on Beltane (the 1st of May) when a ceremonial hare hunt was held (Beltane is the Celtic name for Easter Bel meaning the same as Baal). The hare remains a symbol of luck and fertility even today.The Act of fasting in preparation for a great join can be found in many lands. The Babylonians and their neighbors fasted for 40 days in preparation for the annual celebration of Tammuzs resurrection. This is credibly the send out source of the Christian Lent, but a pennence period like this can be found in many other societies as well. Pagans in Mexico and the Andes mountains practiced a 40 day fast in honor of the sun around this time of year. The Egyptians fasted for 40 days to honor genus Adonis and Osiris. The lighting of fires was also a common pagan ritual. Fire was the symbol of Baal and the fires were used in ceremonies and even for human sacrifices.The New Testament says zero point about sunrise ceremonies, lent, colored eggs or bunnies. These are all classic examples of Christianization. The Christian leaders wanted to convert the pagans to Christianity, so they immovable to adopt their rituals and give them Christian significance in order to make the transition easier. But perhaps there is another, more primitive reason. mess venerate celebrations and festivities, and do not care for the most part who or what the celebration honors. The pagans probably did not care what name was stipulation to their festival, as long as they could continue feasting and rejoicing.3. What are the true origins of Halloween?The name Halloween is actually a Scottish shortening of the name All Hallows change surface or All Hallows Eve. It is celebrated on October 31st and it is so named because it comes before All Saints Day (or All Hallows day) which occurs on the first of November. According to Christian tradition, the souls of dead roll the earth until All Saints Day, when the prayers of the people promiscuous them from purgatory and allow them to reach heaven.Halloween is the last night the dead spend on earth and their last chance of gaining vengeance on their enemies before wretched on to the next life. To avoid being recognized by a soul, Christians would wear masks and costumes to disguise themselves. This is where the custom of dressing up and trick or treating came from. More traditions of Halloween include costume parties, carving jack-o-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, see haunted attractions and playing pranks. In these traditions we can see the pagan origins of Halloween quartz glass clear.The Celts of Northern Europe celebrated their New Year on the level of October 31st and the first of November (the Celts followed a lunar calendar and their days began at sunset). This holiday was named Samhain in Ireland, Galan Gaeaf in Wales and Allantide in Cornwall, and is Celtic for summers end. They believed that the New Year starts with the death of the sun god in winter. It was also believed that the veils of the world were thinnest as the old year waned into the new and that troublesome spirit up, ghosts of the dead, fairies, and demons were free to roam about, scaring people and damaging crops. Traditionally, Samhain was time to take cable of the herds and grain suppl ies, and decide which animals would need to be slaughtered in order for the people and livestock to survive the winter. The reason for this was that the meat could keep since the cold months have come and also since summer grass is gone and free run is no longer possible.Large fires played a large part in the festivities. They were called Bonfires because the bones of the slaughtered cattle were thrown in as sacrifices to the sun and inspirit. Often two bonfires would be built side by side, and the people would walk between the fires as a ritual of purification. The druids (celtic priests) performed ceremonies around these fires including foretelling concerning marriage, luck, health and death. Since the barrier to the otherworld was so thin this was the best time for these rites. each(prenominal) family in the village would extinguish the fire in their home, and then relight their domicil from the common flame. This ritual was said to bond the village together and nourish eac h family from the spirits roaming about. More attempts to ward off spirits include wearing costumes and masks and carving candle lanterns from turnips. Large turnips were hollowed out, carved with face and lay in windows.Samhain was also a night of mischief and confusion. The spirits were impersonated by young men with masked, veiled or blackened faces, dressed in white or disguises of straw. These young men would go from house to house trick or treating as a form of bribery. The family would give the spirits fruits or nuts to keep them from damaging their crops. Mischievous pranks were played on the ungenerous including moving farm equipment and livestock and bombarding their houses with cabbages pulled at random from gardens. other than these young men people usually preferred to stay at bottom on Samhain night.During the Roman rule in Britain (43-410 AD) aspects of Roman religion were structured into Samhain. Candied apples and bobbing for apples became associated with this h oliday because of Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit trees and gardens, whose symbol was the apple. Traditions often involve fruit centerpieces and decorations. Furthermore, the Romans observed the holiday of Feralia, intended to give rest and peace to the departed. Sacrifices were made in honor of the dead and prayers were offered as well.The jack o lantern is perhaps the most famous Halloween symbol. It is named after the phenomenon of strange light flicker over peat bogs, also known as will o the wisp, representing the chilling spirits roaming about. Furthermore, the Celtic folklore tells about a fellow named Stingy tinkers damn, a thief that managed to trick and trap the devil. In order to be set free, the devil had to promise never to takes Jacks soul. When the day came and Jack died, he wasnt allowed to enter Heaven because of all the bad whole shebang he had committed in his life. He was sent to Hell, but the remonstrate kept his promise and wouldnt take Jack in. Jack w as condemned to roam the earth with only a burning ember in a turnip lamp to light his way. This is where the tradition of carving vegetable lamps came from. When the first position immigrants came to North America they traded the turnip for the larger native pumpkin, which was larger and readily available. This pumpkin lantern is the jack- o lantern known to us today.Another important holiday honoring the dead belonged to the ancient Aztecs. It was named The Day of The Dead (El Da de los Muertos) and is still celebrated in Mexico, South America and around the world. to begin with it fell on the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, symbolizing the nine wampum the dead must pass on their way to heaven, and was celebrated for an perfect month. Sacrifices were made to the lady of the dead, Mictecacihuatl.Today, The Day of The Dead is celebrated on the 1-2 of November, probably due to the Catholic Spanish conquering which led to the merge of the Day of The Dead with All Saints Day. Tr aditions of this holiday include a family meal with furiousness on remembering deceased family members, decorating graves and family altars, and prayer. These are the basic traditions, but in different cultures activities may vary, from kite-flying in Guatemala to skull decorating in Bolivia. The essence of this day is celebrating the lives of those who are gone and helping them on their way.The early Christians also had a day celebrating the remembrance of all the churchs martyrs. It was established by Pope Boniface the 4th and was set on May 13. Later, it was Pope Gregory the 3rd that changed the date to November 1st, and renamed it All Saints day, so it would correspond with the existing pagan holidays. Christianity continued to spread throughout the world, and pagan holidays were either Christianized or forgotten. Samhain and The Day of The Dead were absorbed into Halloween. Their traditions and rituals were preserved and incorporated into the new holiday, but their names were omitted. However, now, despite all of the Christian efforts, people essentially enjoy the aspects of the holiday that derive from pagan origins. The Halloween celebrated by the great majority of people today is middling a fun holiday, and has lost its apparitional signifance for most people.ConclusionTo summarize everything, I believe it can be safely said that Christian holidays rarely mean and originate where they seemed to at first. Christianization can be found throughout history in many different cultures and aspects, from major holidays to minor superstitions. Celebrations of the winter solstice were common around the world, and Christmas was just the latest addition. The early Christians merely replaced the birth of the sun with the birth of the son, but kept the rituals and traditions of the pagan festivals.The Easter holiday even managed to keep its pagan name. The festival of the earths rebirth is recycled today as the day honoring the resurrection of Jesus, and celebra ted in the same way the Babylonians did 3000 years ago. Even Halloween is just a pagan holiday dipped in set apart water. Its as pagan as you can get, honoring ghosts, spirits and the like, but it got Christianized nonetheless. In my personal opinion, there is nothing unearthly about these holidays anymore. They merely represent how far ideas can travel when you take receipts of human nature. The early Christians understood that people are just simple beings who like to have a good time, and dont really care in whose honor. Christianization was a smart idea, but I believe it breaks a few copyright laws.Working on this project I improved my research and writing skills, and also my time management. If I had been given the chance I would have written more about the Christianization of consecrate places, like the pantheon and Celtic sacred groves. All in all, I wise(p) a lot during the entire process and am satisfied with the result.BibliographyWebsites1. http//www.nvcc.edu/home/ls hulman/rel232/resource/RileyPaper.htm2. http//www.pocm.info3. http//searchforbibletruths.blogspot.com/2011/04/easter-origins-traditions-and-customs.html4. http//www.thercg.org/books/ttooe.html5. http//www.lasttrumpetministries.org/tracts/tract1.html6. http//www.goddessgift.com/Pandoras_Box/Easter-history.htm7. http//www.essortment.com/christmas-pagan-origins-42543.html8. http//www.wikipedia.org9. http//www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm10. http//www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm11. http//christmas-celebrations.org/12. http//www.near-death.com/experiences/origen048.html13. http//www.frontline-apologetics.com/Mithras.html14. http//ldolphin.org/semir.html15. http//www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Ninus.html16. http//www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t020.html17. http//www.newadvent.org/cathen/05224d.htm18. http//www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm19. https//pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html20 . http//spanish.about.com/cs/culture/a/dayofdead.htm21. http//www.traditioninaction.org/religious/e008rp_Halloween.htm22. http//landscaping.about.com/cs/landscapecolor/a/halloweenOrigin.htm23. http//www.allaboutpopularissues.org/origin-of-halloween.htm24. http//inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Samhain.htm25. http//www.etsu.edu/writing/adcomp_f06/students/halloween.htm26. http//www.cbn.com/spirituallife/onlinediscipleship/halloween/halloween_Pagan_Ankerberg.aspx27. http//www.albee.org/halloween/history.htmArticles1. Julia A. Gengenbach, Is Christmas Christian, optical prism University of Wisonsin- Eau Claire Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, 20022. Prof. Bettina Arnold, Halloween Customs in the Celtic beingness, Center of Celtic Studies, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, 20013. Donna-Lynn Riley, Christian Feast Days and their human relationship to Pagan Holidays , Introduction to World Religions, 2003

Week discussion questions

Personally when I complete tasks on my lists I feel a sense of accomplishment and have more than than than desire to tackle some of the harder tasks on y list. I go away begin to carry through this meter postulatement skill with this class, and carry it oer to block 2 through access Community College. 2. Plan a schedule that has authorised work, caper activities, and rest. I get so restless with what I think needs to be done that I block to include fun things In my schedule. Having fun and delight ining my time is something that is very important because It helps decrease stress.Because I have a four year honest-to-god who feeds off of my emotions It Is vital that I dont show my stress and that I enjoy my time with him rather than worrying about what tasks are not get done. 3. Create a designated written report time, and stick to It. I plan to implement an hour of study time each morning and actually pick up to It. Every semester I tell myself I will study more but I never seem to find the time to and I find myself scrambling at the last minute to cram for the upcoming examen.If I set aside time and It Is a fragmentize of my dally spell I foot avoid all insights the twenty-four hours before the exam and feel better prepared for whatever It Is I will be doing that day In school. What resources might you have available to use for overlord and personal development? I have my education to use for maestro and personal development. In school I am learning more than Just the science and theory behind nursing.I am learning how to tumble my thinking and the thinking of opposites, how to make and achieve goals, critical thinking skills that can be used both at work and at home, and how to manage my time wisely. With the program I am In through Gateway Community College and The university of Phoenix I am able to network with other nursing professionals and build relationships that I can use as references later(prenominal) or as instruction on what field and where I should be looking for a Job. I have support from family, friends, and lacerates available to bloke In my development.They are there to encourage me to keep going when I feel Like Glenn up, and to help me emotionally get through this sozzled program. By pointlessness done that I forget to include fun things in my schedule. Having fun and enjoying my time is something that is very important because it helps decrease stress. Because I have a four year old who feeds off of my emotions it is vital that I dont show my not getting done. 3. Create a designated study time, and stick to it. I plan to implement an hour of study time each morning and actually hold to it.Every time and it is a part of my daily routine I can avoid all insights the day before the exam and feel better prepared for whatever it is I will be doing that day in school. My time wisely. With the program I am in through Gateway Community College and The University of Phoenix I am able to network w ith other nursing professionals and build relationships that I can use as references later or as guidance on what field and classmates available to aid in my development. They are there to encourage me to keep going when I feel like handsome up, and to help me emotionally get through this

As I Lay Dying 9

May 10, 2010 013 Child relations In the book As I lay Dying by William Faulkner the character that is dying name is Addie Bundren, the get down of five children. She was too the wife of no good Anse Bundren. Anse is unemployed, selfish, no good farmer, who shtup hardly be called a farmer because he does al near n angiotensin converting enzyme of the go a elan himself. bulge of an act of lust Addie and Anse married and ended up giving rescue to capital and Darl shortly after. by and by the birth of her 2 sons Addie was bent on non having any more than children. The birth of coin confirms her feeling that language argon irrelevant and that only physical experience has reality and signifi crumbce. with the act of giving birth she becomes take off of the endless cycle of foundation and destruction, discovering that for the starting clock time her aloneness had been violated and then make full-length again by the violation (Vickey 54). Anse inadequacyed as many chil dren as possible so that he would present as many hands a possible to work for him, but Addie was determined to assimilate no more. This made their marriage very rocky and lead-in to Addie requesting to be bury with her blood relatives in town.In this time period this was hard because of the deficiency of transportation that they had as well as a lack of money. Her ending to not consecrate any more children was brought to an end because she had an affair with Whittfield, which lead to the birth of gem. Anse did not know of this affair so he mentation that jewel was his child. Addie decided to muddle it up to Anse by giving him two more children. She consciously and deliberately gives Anse Dewey dingle to negative Jewel and Vardaman to rilievo him (Vickey 55). Among the five children that she had Addie treated them all in a different room.Addie particularly treated hard currency, Darl, and Dewey dingle very differently. The family surrounded by currency and Addie is brainy for many reasons. Out of the five children that Addie had she worryd Cashs record the most. Cash is the oldest of the five children. In addition to being the oldest, Cash is also a man of very few spoken devises. He can be considered a very simple character compared to the others of the impudent. For example, in his first narrative excerpt from As I Lay Dying Cash speaks in list form. drawcustom-shape This is one of the most simplistic forms of chat known.As a skilled carpenter, Cash, went and built his fetchs jewel casket, especially to her liking in front of the window in which she was slowly dying. Cash and Addie had a consanguinity based off very few spoken delivery. Her blissful wedlock with Cash exist beyond body language Cash did not need to plead it love to me nor I to him (Clarke 38). Clarke is explaining in this crystallizeage how in that respect are no words needed in the kinship between Addie and Cash. As Cash built his baffles coffin, for ea ch piece that he completed he held up for her applause. Shes just watching Cash yonder (Faulkner 9).This shows how Addie was infinitely looking out the window to check on Cashs progress on her coffin. Cash is extremely determined to complete the coffin. With Cash all day long right under the window, hammering and sawing at that(Faulkner 19). This is proof of their strong race because he spends all his time doing this toil slightly task. Work is Cashs way of communicating with Addie, his means of acquiring and holding her attention, and thereby assuring that unspoken understanding that has always existed between them(Bleikasten 179).Bleikasten is showing that Cash rarely speaks unless it is through his actions such as grammatical construction the coffin. Although Addie and Cash did fork out a very good relationship, Cash be quiet needed something to help him cope with the death of his pay off. For him this would be his carpentry skills. The carpentering itself is an employm ent in which Cash can immerse himself sufficiently to insulate himself from the common reality of his mothers imminent death (Powers 56). This is simply dictum that Cash is using carpentry to convert his mother after her death. The work of mourning begins before death has really occurred (Bleikasten 178). The mourning begins early because Cash already has a strong feeling that his mother is about to pass on so he begins to work on her coffin. The building of the coffin should become for Cash the object of a manic counter investment. If he cannot be the jewel, he can at the very least be the jewler, the maker of the perfect shrine in which the mothers unparalleled body is preserved. In nailing Addie into the coffin, Cash encloses himself with her, burying his desire and pain (Bleikasten 179).Cash making the most perfect coffin possible is his special way of mourning and the completion of the coffin with his mothers body in he is enclosing his pain. The infant loved by his mother grows to be a man of deeds and Addie, in the absence of Jewel, calls out to him at the moment of her deathand he continues that relationship in his silent bedevilment on the wagon(Williams 117). Addie and Dewey dingle did not have the best relationship but at the same time did not have the worsened possible relationship. Addie felt indifferently towards Dewey Dell, meaning that she didnt particularly look at what happened with her.She didnt really care because Dewey Dell was only meant to negate Jewel because it was her illegitimate child that Anse did not know of. Addie purposely gave Anse Dewey Dell and Vardaman to make up for the birth of Jewel. Dewey Dell clearly did not have the strongest relationship with her mother though. Dewey Dell is not so clearly disturbed by her mothers death, yet her activity with the fan at Addies bedside may be seen as similar in protective get to Cashs carpentry(56 Powers). Dewey Dell too had something to substitute for her mothers death. Dewe y Dell, terribly preoccupied by the bud of life at heart herself- the result of issue to the woods, the secret shade, with Lafe- can scarcely attend to Addies death(Powers 56). Dewey Dell promptly became pregnant after an treaty that she had with Lafe. Lafe manipulated the agreement and found a loop hole and ended up select cotton into her basket. As she lost her virginity under the secret shade and realizes soon after that she is pregnant Dewey Dell admits that the process of coming unalone is terrible (Williams 105).It quickly became clear that Dewey Dell has no need to replace the mother figuratively, for she replicates the mother in her own pregnancy (Clarke 41). This shows that Addie and Dewey Dell really did not have a close relationship because even through her pregnancy she should have been attending to her mothers needs as she left this initiation. advance more as they took the casket into town, Dewey Dells intent to go to town was so that she could try to find some abortion medicine, because kindred her mother she did not necessarily want her first child at that point in time. So the daughter goes through the same experiences as her mother in pregnancy Dewey Dell discovers as Addie did her destiny as begetter, and like her mother she is snatched from aloneness only to be thrown back to it(Bleikasten 180). Although Addie and Dewey Dell have many similarities when it comes to their pregnancies they are also different. Unlike Addie, she is determined, if possible, to operation their separation. Thus, she will not name her condition even to her self because to do so would be to transfer her pregnancy from her private world of awareness to the public world of fact (Vickery 61).Darl and Addie on the other hand had the shoot possible relationship ever. This was proven several times throughout the novel As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner. Darl had give tongue to I cannot love my mother because I have no mother (Faulkner 95). This shows but how they have a bad relationship, but it is not just a one way street, Addie in turns hates Darl also. Addie claims to have been tricked by a word in Darls c at a timeption she says that my revenge would be that he would never know I was taking revenge. And when Darl was born I asked Anse to promise to guide me back to Jefferson when I died (Williams 115).This is the beginning of the dislike on Addies behalf because she did not want another child to begin with, so she intended on getting revenge on Anse. He too must eventually cast the son most like him (Darl, the one that folks say is queer, lazy, pottering about the place no better than Anse, the one who most resembles his father looking out over the landwith eye that look like pieces of burnt out cinder(Williams 115). In this passage Williams describes why Addie actually hates Darl. She hates Darl because she hates Anse with a passion, and Darl acts just like Anse in the sense that he is lazy like his father. Because Addie accepts the fact that she and Anse live in different worlds, her second child, Darl, comes as the ultimate and unforgivable outrage (Vickey 54). Since Darl receives no love from his mother he makes it his duty to terrorize everyone else in the Bundren family minus Anse. Never having had a mother, Darl is more surely possessed by her than any of his brothers. Darls eyes, as Dewey Dell describe them, are full of the land dug out of his skull and the holes change with distance beyond the land(Bleikasten 188).Darl is known for his abilities to communicate without words, at times, a kind of nonlinguistic feminine intuition (Clarke 35). Using this ability he continuously terrorized Dewey Dell because he was the only one whom knew of her pregnancy in the Bundren house hold. In one of Dewey Dells narratives she tell He said he knew without words like he told me that ma is going to die without words, and I knew he knew because if he had said he knew with words I would not have believed that he had been there and saw us (27).What Dewey Dell is explaining is that Darl speaks to her without words and knows of all things that are happening and only the most important things Darl says with no words, such as the death of their mother. Darl also takes it upon himself to defer his youngest brother Vardaman even more than he already is. For example, Vardaman says My mother is a fish (84). This shows how confused Vardaman really is. The conversation that Darl and Vardaman had concerning Vardamans mother being a fish and the horse being Jewels mother really left Vardaman confused.As if this little part was not mistake enough for the five year old, Darl then confesses that he does not have a mother. I havent got ere one, Darl said, Because if I had one it was. And if it is was, it cant be is. Can it (101)? This conversation leaves Vardaman in a world of confusion. He now starts to doubt if Darl and Jewel are really his brothers. Darl, who seems to vagabond through a world of words, p assing into peoples minds and crossing vast spaces at will (Clarke 46). Darl was able to make everyone miserable because he had no substitute for his mothers death unlike everyone else in the family.Vardaman had the fish to replace their mother, while Dewey Dell had her pregnancy to occupy her mom, Jewel had his horse, and Cash had his carpentry to replace the emptiness left by their mothers death. Darl had no substitute because he never had a mother to replace (Clarke 46). Darl said this several times throughout the novel in many variations. For example, I can not love my mother because I have no mother (95). There is a reason why Darl feels this way and Addie in turn hates Darl also. Darls feeling that he is not a part of his mother is more than just an expression of sibling rivalry. Addies rejection of him is out-and-out(a) it is the most terrible thing she does. The rejection by his own mother makes Darl feels that he has no mother especially as a support system. In turn Addie rejects him because he is just like his father Anse of whom she despises as said previously. As a resulting factor for Darl, the constant exception, the journey is a recurring nuisance, and he wants only to see his mother- distinctly dead- buried and out of the way(Powers 61).Darl is constantly suffering emotionally throughout his life due to the absence of his mother, and continues to be affected by his lack of motherly guidance once Addie actually passes away. His brothers, as we have seen, all end up some how displacing their grief and replacing Addie Jewel with a horse, Vardaman with a fish, Cash with a coffin. But Darls mother is literally irreplaceable (Bleikasten 188). Darls mother is irreplaceable because all his life he never had one because he was despised by Addie. In conclusion Addie Bundren had very different relationships with her children.After her death all her children had different ways of coping with her loss also. The relationship with Addie varied greatly from her children Cash, Dewey Dell, and Darl. Cash, her oldest child, she had a great relationship with. They loved and tacit one another through the minimum use of words possible. oftentimes times they communicated through body gestures and other types of movement. To substitute the emptiness in Cashs heart due to the death of his mother, he cogitate on carpentry. Cash hand built Addies coffin to her approval as she looked beyond the window as she lay there dying.Addie and Dewey Dell had a relationship in which they felt indifferently about one another. They basically coexisted within the same house hold. Addie brought Dewey Dell into the world with a purpose to negative Jewel because he was Addies illegitimate son. Dewey Dell also had a replacement for her mother after her death. At the time of Addies death, Dewey Dell is pregnant with her first child. This pregnancy takes the focus that Addie would have had on Addie and redirects towards an illegitimate child of her own because she is not married. And then there was Darl.Addie and Darl had the worst relationship possible between a mother and a son. They hated each other. Addie despised Darl because he was just like her preserve Anse of whom she also despised. Darl also was her second child who she really did not want to have at all. This was the point in which she vowed to seek revenge upon Anse and made Darl an outcast. As for Darl, he hated Addie because she never mothered him his whole life, which left him humble emotionally causing him to terrorize the rest of his siblings especially his younger ones. Darl did not have a substitute for the death of his mother.In Darls eyes he had no mother so the mourning of her would be purposeless for him. Work Cited Bleikasten, Andre. _The Ink of Melancholy_. Requiem for a Mother. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 1990 Faulkner, William. As I Lay Dying. New York Vintage, 1990. Powers, Lyall H. Faulkners Yoknapatawpha Comedy. The University Of Michigan Press. An n Arbor. Vickey, Olga W. The Novels of William Faulkner A Critical Interpretation. baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1959. Print Williams, David. _Faulkners Women the Myth and the Muse_. University of Toronto Press. 1977.