Read part 4 to 6 from the attachment of Meditation on first Essay

Peruse section 4 to 6 from the connection of Meditation on first philiosophy and follow the insturction in quite a while - Essay Example The presence of God, albeit significantly questioned by numerous earthiest, shows itself in the psyche and the spirit as no one ahs had the option to clarify the non-presence of God and whether the spirit bites the dust and the body kicks the bucket (Rene, 2008). The writer of the book is a solid catholic devotee and had given his time in the exhibit of his conviction, God exists and that the body and the psyche are particular. He is intricate and doesn't neglect to perceive the convictions of other (in spite of the fact that he and the others need confirmation) about the presence of God and the particular idea of the spirit and the body (Rene, 2008). The essayist, as a solid catholic, accepted that his confidence was genuine since he had been raised as a catholic and in light of the fact that the world needs clear realities about the non-presence of God. The thinking he depict is enormously acknowledged on the planet by a dominant part. Rene escartes (2008). Intercessions on first way of thinking in which the presence of God a the differentiation of the spirit and body are illustrated. Hacket distributing organization Indianapolis/Cambridge third

Children and Screen Time Free Essays

Randi Getzelman English 151 03/24/2013 Every parent needs nothing increasingly then their youngster to succeed. They need their youngster to create and learn with out battle. In this day in age we approach such huge numbers of gadgets that can help add to a child’s achievement. We will compose a custom article test on Kids and Screen Time or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Many will contend that a gadget, for example, an I-cushion or cell phone will impede ones learning. I feel the specific inverse will happen, and the youngster will pick up information. Kids create and adapt such a great amount at an extremely youthful age. They ingest all that they see and hear. They best learn through touch, sight, and sound. Utilizing a gadget, for example, a touch I-cushion, or I-telephone a youngster can collaborate on their level. There are such a significant number of Apps accessible for offspring everything being equal. They will enable a youngster to create at their capacity and speed, while learning. I feel they will assimilate more information with an instructive hands on gadget rather then TV. Kids need to associate and think carefully all together for the App to work. Putting a kid before a TV to simply sit and learn, they don't get similar hands on understanding. There will be those contending that setting a telephone or tablet in a child’s arms will cause hurt. I don't see that being valid, in this day in age we use App’s for everything. Or maybe at the market, banking, or even schools, most instruct with contact gadgets. I feel that helping your youngster learn with a hands free gadget, will just assistance them later on. Step by step instructions to refer to Children and Screen Time, Essay models

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Test question - Essay Example Remedial equity is less corrective than the customary equity framework which requires the guilty party to endure a fine or imprisonment. Remedial equity centers around the requirements of the person in question and the more extensive network. Rather than being rebuffed alone, remedial equity centers around getting the guilty party to assume liability for his activities. In doing this, the casualty may need to concede his blame and take activities to either apologize to the person in question or restore the casualty in lieu of the considerable number of misfortunes endured. In different cases, the guilty party experiences network administration. The thought process of remedial equity is to concentrate on the individual needs of the person in question. Expressed in an unexpected way, the methodology of sending guilty parties to prison and getting them to pay fines to the state doesn't appear to give direct fulfillment to the people in question. This is on the grounds that it appears to be indifferent and the casualty doesn't get any sort of compensation or reparation. Be that as it may, on account of helpful equity, the casualty persuades the chance to be given what s/he lost in an offense. In the event that it is unimaginable to expect to give back, the wrongdoer may render a conciliatory sentiment and vow not to do so once more. This cultivates shared relations and advances renewal (b) What are the points of Restorative Justice? The Crown Prosecution Service plots three principle points of helpful equity. The principal point is to advance casualty fulfillment. At the end of the day, there is proof that the customary methodology of condemning offenses and detaining guilty parties doesn't appear to fulfill casualties. Or maybe, it just fend the guilty parties off and there is no contact among them and casualties. Therapeutic equity gives an arrangement of diminishing trepidation and pressures between the person in question and the culprit. Likewise, as it were, t he statement of regret of the person in question and remuneration [which isn't a component of customary courts] can fulfill a casualty inwardly. In another sense, the pay or compensation paid by a casualty can end up being useful in helping casualties to return to their previous position. The second point of helpful equity is to cultivate some type of commitment between the person in question and culprit. The thought is to give a significant stage through which the casualty can mention to the culprit what he things. Likewise, the culprit can acknowledge his blame, and apologize as far as concerns him in the circumstance. The casualty gets mindful of his activities and the outcomes. Through, this he willfully acknowledges the commitment to accomplish something for the person in question and network so as to present appropriate reparations. This makes the entire procedure of discipline progressively close to home and helpful. The third point of remedial equity is that it makes network capital. As it were, it empowers the network to get a success win criminal equity framework in which individuals are rebuffed sufficiently and proportionately. Likewise, guilty parties are made mindful of the extent of their activities and this keeps them from reoffending. In this sense, the network manufactures some level of trust in the equity framework and makes them fell more made sure about and secured by the law. 2. (a) What are the focal points and disservices of Restorative Justice (assessing the assortment of ‘stakeholders’ who are, or may be, influenced by it)? There are a few focal points of helpful equity. Above all else, remedial equity improves the result of court's choice in light of the fact that the casualties find the opportunity to

The world around me free essay sample

Inside this forlorn room I am glancing out the window, looking for the consideration of this lethargic world. I am truly astounded of how Television can be so interesting. Sitting on the eating table, I watched out off guard these small children playing in the downpour at that point contemplated internally, I grew up something over the top. Playing soccer in the house is the thing that I live for and consistently do. Without anyone else spilling the ball forward and in reverse, there and back, its the most astounding approach to kill time and to utilize your creative mind to play. Floating left and right, I got myself, shouting with torment since I Just hit the side of a divider with my pinky. I tumbled to the ground chuckling and crying with torment. On the dividers of my home are these uncommon banners around portraying who my family truly implied and was about. As I admired the daylight in the sky, I nearly gone visually impaired, yet the mists spared me covering the sun and taking cover behind this cool conceptual, searching wherever for the moon. We will compose a custom exposition test on My general surroundings or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I ended up looking extremely hard the finally I discovered it taking cover behind the trees close to my home. I contemplated internally that IVe discovered multi day stars, the sun and the moon, at that point I grinned. I saw the moon ascending from the skyline as day fell and night came. Taking a gander at the moon, I wanted to go up to the moon to be as free and the prompt riser in the sky. At that point as day came I woke up taking a gander at the outside the window. I saw the sun, sparkling its beams onto the fresh leaves of fall, making the leaves look progressively orange and appealing that it previously was. On the other hand taking a gander at the wonderful planets of the night, I had the option to spot Saturn, I saw numerous stars, and wasnt ready to remembered it so I guaranteed myself that I would catch up on cosmology the next year. I consistently cant quit pondering stars, so I follow the new on stars and how the U. S looks for any Methane/life shapes on other close by planets.

Sociology and Modernity

Advancement is one expression that is intricate to characterize. This is on the grounds that no exact meaning of advancement that is all inclusive acknowledged has been chosen. This is comprehensive of the humanism field that has seen such a significant number of hypotheses realized to characterize advancement. In any case, we can have a general definition characterizing innovation as a post-middle age period that is perceivable with an exceptional change from the pre-current idea of agrarianism to a universe of industrialization, free enterprise, urbanization, defense and general social change that was colossally received by the whole world, however having its root beginnings in Europe in the occasions around 1700. Renaissance was the prompt time that went before advancement; renaissance for this situation alluding to the last snapshots of the moderately aged time. This time was about logical and mechanical upset that saw the ascent of numerous creations that have come to characterize the innovation of modernization. The social change can be credited to the illumination of mankind as Immanuel Kant expressed in one of his celebrated books. Numerous definitions have been in this way raised in the field of human science and by various savants. Karl Marx characterizes advancement as an industrialist transformation. Free enterprise is a condition of financial status that depends on independence in that an individual puts resources into various proprietorships or organizations for the sole reason for individual advantages or revenue driven thought process. He consequently considers innovation to be a malicious marvel and truly scrutinizes it. Then again, Max Weber characterizes innovation based on close to home convictions that in the long run lead to the social changes that happen in modernization. He considers advancement to be a pattern that prompts the decrease in conventional qualities and amplifies justification that he so much feelings of dread would in the end erode off humankind. He is so cynical on the impacts of innovation given the mean definition that he provides for the marvel. The remainder of the thinkers to give a definition in our paper will be Emile Durkheim. Durkheim at any rate had an idealistic meaning of advancement, however not so much hopeful. He characterized advancement based on work division. He accepted that innovation would get the world the idea of broadening of monetary exercises in the human culture. He considered modernization to be a move of progress in the manner the network worked; the solidarity change from mechanical to natural. On the cynical side, he anyway fears anomie, an express that depicts insignificant good direction gave to people in the general public (Calhoun, Gerteis, and Moody 46). As characterized in the initial part, advancement conveys along various social changes and social qualities that characterize an obvious contrast from similar components that were knowledgeable about the pre-current age. Advancement has significantly influenced the premise of the family on the planet today. The family as an establishment, combined with numerous different things like marriage, ethical quality and religion have all been undermined. In the pre-present day age, the ethical quality of the general public originated from the family organization. Accordingly, the circumspection that was constantly associated with the childhood of an ethical family was the main need by the family heads around then (Macionis 4). Legislative issues has experienced powerful change because of the impact advancement. In the pre-current days, legislative issues was not as dominative for what it's worth in the cutting edge world. Advancement has made governments have a dominative hand by intensely directing its residents by complicated and uncongenial bureaucratic arrangement. The economy is another substance that has characterized innovation. In the pre-present day time, economy was characterized by agrarian profitability. This can even be exhibited by the Feudalist arrangement of government that existed in Europe. This arrangement of a political framework included land being traded thus for administrations. It was where the rulers, who were the land proprietors, gave out land to vassals, who were the occupants. The land in this sort of political framework was alluded to as fief. In any case, the economy in the advanced society has totally taken a wind, with private enterprise being the framework. Free enterprise fixated on the individual interests and benefits intention of either an individual or a nation. This implies no levelheaded prioritization will be taken if at all a nation or an individual has the point of making benefit. This is a framework that was broadly censured by rationalists, for example, Karl Marx (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Pfaff, and Virk 122). The various thinkers who thought of the different meanings of advancement had shifted desires and forecasts that would go along innovation. Karl Marx had a critical perspective on advancement. He exceptionally reprimanded free enterprise, an economy framework that he guaranteed set in with advancement. He considers private enterprise to be a benefit roused framework and in this way a narrow minded framework. He additionally dreaded the ascent of classes in the general public, something that he portrays as the infant of free enterprise. He detestably censures private enterprise as covetousness and personal responsibility and had skeptical desires for the advanced world. He predicts difficulties, for example, outrageous destitution while different nations swam in a great deal of riches, all with the coming of an industrialist economy. Max Weber, with his meaning of innovation being founded on human reasonability, had his feelings of trepidation on the corruption of mankind. Weber was likewise negative in transit advancement would change the world. He predicted the distance of social equity that would set in because of the adjustment in people convictions achieved by advancement (Calhoun et al 122). Among these three scholars, Emile Durkheim in any event had a hopeful perspective on the setting in of innovation. With his meaning of innovation being founded on the division of work, he saw advancement acquiring uncommon development of the economy. This would happen because of work expansion and specialization that would similarly disseminate human asset to each monetary movement. His desires for the appearance of innovation were consequently high. Regardless of him having these uplifting desires, he had a dread of anomie. This is where there is moderate debasement of ethics in the general public because of dismissal of good direction by human who might have every one of their psyches set towards the advancement of the economy. The subject of advancement has constantly raised a great deal of contentions. Numerous thinkers have raised speculations attempting to characterize innovation yet no articular hypothesis has been internationally acknowledged to characterize advancement. With this paper however, we have had a diagram of the different meanings of innovation by the three savants: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. We have additionally observed their hunches, sentiments and desires for advancement. Various parts of innovation and the difference in these perspectives that influence advancement have been talked about and contrasted with the pre-present day age. Nonetheless, even with all these, it should in any case be evident that there still exists no exact meaning of advancement and the term is available to any conviction that any individual could think of.

Three Topics For Christmas Essay

Three Topics For Christmas EssayWhen you get ready to write an essay for your Christmas assignment, take into consideration three topics. What kind of things are you most interested in this holiday season? This could help you write a successful and interesting essay.The first topic, you should consider is the holiday season itself. Is there anything you are particularly excited about? Do you have special wishes and desires for the coming year? These are all great things to write about when writing an essay on Christmas. Keep in mind that holiday seasons are a great way to get excited about a particular event or idea.For example, if you are most excited about a particular movie you saw, you might mention this and talk about how it will affect your experience with the movie. If you were at a party or event recently, mention how the event impacted your thoughts on the movie. This can help give you ideas on what kind of events you might want to write about in your essay.Something else yo u might consider when you are planning to write an essay on Christmas is the idea of a holiday tradition. Let's say that your family has been celebrating Christmas for many years. You might want to write about what traditions you have for the holiday and how they impact you and your family.One thing you should keep in mind is that each holiday season is unique from other. Make sure that you write about the uniqueness of each holiday season. This will help you know how to write a successful essay on Christmas.The next topic, you should consider is whether or not the holidays are meant to be an end or a beginning. Most people are thinking that the holidays are meant to be a good time to relax. However, do you feel that the holiday season is meant to be special and entertaining? This is something you should consider when you are writing an essay on Christmas.In addition, do you think the holidays are really special time? You might find that some of your family members don't agree with you. So you might want to include this topic. You might find that you can highlight certain points about the holidays that make them special and even cause you to reminisce about the past.As you can see, there are many great topics that you can use when you are writing an essay on Christmas. Start thinking about these topics now so that you will be prepared to write the essay you want on this holiday season.

Against Capital Punishment Essay - 1650 Words

Annotated Bibliography: Against Capital Punishment (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: Name of Author:Course:Name of Tutor:Date of Submission:Annotated Bibliography: Against Capital PunishmentIntroductionCapital punishment is an issue that has raised various social, religious and ethical issues since its inception. Different countries across the globe have since abolished the practice on the premise that it undermines human worth. Indeed, it can not be disputed that the practice has far reaching implications on not only the offender but also on the family, relatives and the entire society. It is in this regard that this paper provides a detailed annotated bibliography that underscores that counter arguments of capital punishment.Gardner, Hanks. Against Death Penalty. USA: Herald Press, 1997.The writer provides a collection of compelling arguments regarding capital punishment. He uses a host of information from both the new and Old Testament bible and argues that death penalty is inhuman. According to him, it has more detrimental than beneficial effects and does not enforce justice to all parties. He draws his arguments from various researches that ascertain that capital punishment is indeed not a deterrent measure. He therefore suggests that other measures need to be undertaken to fights crime, rather than employ the ineffective death penalty. However, this book might not benefit the segment of the population that does not believe in ideals upheld by the Christianity. Nevertheless, it provides vital arguments that capture a significant percentage of arguments provided in other sources. This makes it a viable source for students undertaking revision and for sustainable reference for professionals seeking to make timely reviews.Mark, Costanzo. Just Revenge: The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment. USA: Worth Publishers, 1997Costanzo argues that the current trends ascertain that the effectiveness of capital punishment in the United States is largely at stake. He bases his deductions on vital data that ascertains that the number of of fenders being condemned for death penalty has increased significantly. He maintains that capital punishment is an unfair and cruel act that has failed dismally to prevent the soaring incidences of crime. He argues that in order to obtain optimal results and reduce criminal cases significantly, the criminal justice needs to replace this by life sentence without parole. He traces the history of capital punishment and underscores the purposes for which the punishment was meant for. He notes that over time, its effectiveness in preventing and curbing crime has decreased and offenders are increasingly getting immune to the implications of the same. In addition, he considers the beneficial effects of capital punishment and shows that it is comparatively cheaper than imprisonment. Generally, it presents a critical argument of the costs and benefits of the same. It can be considered a very effective book for any academic study in sociology and /or criminal justice.Russell, Adam Paul, Casse ll (eds.). Debating Capital Punishment. Congressional Quarterly Weekly, 3 (2005): 409-86.Adam and Paul present various essays that analyze different view points of the Americans regarding the death penalty. These are drawn from numerous critical sources that range from the public response and the pardoning of capital criminals, analyses of legal personnel like the judges and lawyers to the perceptions of the philosophers and the clergy regarding the issue. The contributors make a remarked evaluation of various facets of capital punishment. In particular, they critically review the sensitivity that is related to race issues, economic concerns, morality, retribution, the position of the United States in comparison with other countries, its deterrence values, and various risks involved including that of the possibility of wrong executions and the implications of the punishment to the family members and close relations. Irrespective of the fact that these contributors lay particular emp hasis on their individual view points, it is notable that they equally evaluate the relative issue of life and death. The article is considered imperative for this study because it can be employed as a single source by students pursuing criminal justice. This is because of the fact that it critically reviews all the relative aspects that are related to the issue under review. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that it fails to accredit its arguments with factual data. At this juncture, it is worth noting that this greatly undermines is objectivity in analyzing death punishment. Nonetheless, it provides useful insights that can not only be employed in academic study but can also form the basement upon which future research can be based.Stuart, Banner. The Death Penalty. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1 (2003): 77-92.The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the American perceptions of capital punishment since historical times. In addition, he provides an explicit evalu ation of the technological changes that have taken place since the institution of the punishment. Banner cites that in historical times, execution took place in public and prayers were said and sermons read before the process. Comparatively, he indicates that the modern process is characterized by significant secrecy as only few individuals are allowed to attend. He also ascertains the fact that the cruelty associated with the practice contributed significantly to its abolishment after the civil war. Its revival and enforcement, he argues, reflects the modern degree of harshness that is associated with punishment. He decries the practice and argues that in the current era, other options need to be explored. According to him, the technological advancements have provided vital options that can equally enforce the relative justice that the practice is meant to uphold. He also shows that the attitude of the US population regarding death penalty has undergone various changes. In this re spect, he indicates that a significant part of the population agree to the practice and contend that it should be enforced. In contrast the historical population considered the practice to be unfair and thus it was only employed sparingly and only in specific cases. Irrespective of the fact that its main focus is the changing attitudes of the population on death penalty, the review can be considered to be very insightful because of its in-depth analysis of the issue that it pursues.Franklin, Zimring. Controversies Surrounding American Capital Punishment. Oxford: University Press, 2004.In his analytic review, Franklin presents various controversies surrounding death penalty in America. He is provocative and poses various questions to the public regarding this sensitive issue of capital punishment. According to him, he does not approve of the practice and argues that it is a presentation of the biases that the society accords the relative offenders. In particular, he cites that in th e past, various individuals have been increasingly identified and executed for crimes that they were not responsible for. Such cases according to him are racially perpetuated and therefore prejudiced and should be shunned. He does not understand why amongst all the democracies that are established, America is the only one that pursues the practice. He contends that this can be attributed to the vigilante values that the nation upholds. In this regard, he maintains that the misinformed cultural and political forces greatly influence the enforcement of the practice. He laments that this has borne negative effects because similar ideas are being assessed on to the next generations and are likely to be more detrimental in future. In this regard, he asserts that numerous developing countries that abandoned the practice are far much better than America. Franklins analysis is a thought provoking review that stimulates critical analysis of the issue of capital punishment. Thus is not only c onsidered important for academic studies but it also forms an important basement for critical thinking for students pursuing courses related to criminal justice.Jamie, Fellner Sarah Tofte. Implications of Death Penalty in the Unites States. Human Rights Watch, 1 (2006): 1-56.The authors argue that death penalty is an inhuman activity that needs to be abolished in the United States. This is due to the relative physical and emotional pain not only to the offender but also to the relatives of the same. This is also approved by the law of the human rights watch whose prepositions suggest that until its amendment, alternative options that inflict the least pain to the offenders should be employed. This according to the authors was implemented in a bit to reduce emotional and physical suffering that he offenders go through. In particular, Jamie and Sarah argue against the use of lethal injection that is commonly employed in the United States. They back this up using factual information f rom the various states in the United States. Indeed, their findings assert that of the thirty nine states that have mainstreamed capital punishment within their law, thirty seven of them employ lethal injection in execution. Of these, the authors point out that nineteen have legalized it as the only method of execution. This has been done irrespective of the fact that the process inflicts excruciating pain in the individuals. Thus from an ethical standpoint, ...

Definition, Examples, and Observations on Writing

(1) Writing is a system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning. See the observations below. Also, see the following topics related to the writing system: AlphabetGraphemicsHandwritingIdeogramLanguageLetter (2) Writing is the act of composing a text. See the observations below. Also, see the following topics related to composition: Academic WritingThe Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow WritingBasic WritingBusiness WritingCollaborative WritingComposition-RhetoricDraftingOnline WritingOverwritingPrewritingRevisionTechnical WritingWriterWriting ProcessYour Writing: Private and Public Writers on Writing Quotes About WritingWhat Is the Secret of Good Writing?What Is Writing Like? (Explaining the Writing Experience Through Similes and Metaphors)Writers on RewritingWriters on WritingWriters on Writing: Overcoming Writers Block Etymology and Pronunciation From an Indo-European root, to cut, scratch, sketch an outline Pronunciation: RI-ting Observations Writing and Language Writing is not language. Language is a complex system residing in our brain which allows us to produce and interpret utterances. Writing involves making an utterance visible. Our cultural tradition does not make this distinction clearly. We sometimes hear statements such as Hebrew has no vowels; this statement is roughly true for the Hebrew writing system, but it is definitely not true for the Hebrew language. Readers should constantly check that they are not confusing language and writing.(Henry Rogers, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2005) Origins of Writing Most scholars now accept that writing began with accountancy. . . . In the late 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia reached a point at which it outstripped the power of memory of the governing elite. To record transactions in a dependable, permanent form became essential... [E]ssential to the development of full writing, as opposed to the limited, purely pictographic writing of North American Indians and others, was the discovery of the rebus principle. This was the radical idea that a pictographic symbol could be used for its phonetic value. Thus a drawing of an owl in Egyptian hieroglyphs could represent a consonant sound with an inherent m; and in English a picture of a bee with a picture of a leaf might (if one were so minded) represent the word belief.(Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing. Thames, 1995) The Literate Revolution in Ancient Greece By Aristotles time, political orators, including Demosthenes, were publishing written, polished versions of speeches they had earlier delivered. Though writing had been introduced into Greece in the ninth century [BC], publication long remained a matter of oral presentation. The period from the middle of the fifth to the middle of the fourth centuries B.C. has been called the time of a literate revolution in Greece, comparable to the changes brought in the fifteenth century by the introduction of printing and in the twentieth century by the computer, for reliance on writing greatly increased in this period and affected the perception of texts; see Havelock 1982 and Ong 1982. . . . Rhetoric gave increased attention to the study of written composition. The radical effects of greater reliance on writing can, however, be exaggerated; ancient society remained oral to a much greater degree than modern society, and the primary goal of the teaching of rhetoric was consistently an ability to speak in public. (George A. Kennedy, Aristotle, On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1991) Plato on the Strange Quality of Writing Thamus replied [to Theuth], Now you, who are the father of letters, have been led by your affection to ascribe to them a power the opposite of that which they really possess. For this invention will produce forgetfulness in the minds of those who learn to use it, because they will not practice their memory. . . . You offer your pupils the appearance of wisdom, not true wisdom, for they will read many things without instruction and will therefore seem to know many things, when they are for the most part ignorant. Writing, Phaedrus, has this strange quality, and is very like painting; for the creatures of painting stand like living beings, but if one asks them a question, they preserve a solemn silence. And so it is with written words; you might think they spoke as if they had intelligence, but if you question them, wishing to know about their sayings, they always say only one and the same thing. And every word, when once it is written, is bandied about, alike among those who understand and those who have no interest in it, and it knows not to whom to speak or not to speak; when ill-treated or unjustly reviled it always needs its father to help it; for it has no power to protect or help itself.(Socrates in Platos Phaedrus, translated by H. N. Fowler) Further Reflections on Writing Writing is like a drug, too often employed by quacks who dont know what is true and what is false. Like a drug, writing is both a poison and a medicine, but only a real doctor knows its nature and the proper disposition of its power.(Denis Donoghue, Ferocious Alphabets. Columbia University Press, 1981)Writing is not a game played according to rules. Writing is a compulsive, and delectable thing. Writing is its own reward.(Henry Miller, Henry Miller on Writing. New Directions, 1964)Writing is really a way of thinking--not just feeling but thinking about things that are disparate, unresolved, mysterious, problematic or just sweet.(Toni Morrison, quoted by Sybil Steinberg in Writing for Your Life. Pushcart, 1992)Writing is more than anything a compulsion, like some people wash their hands thirty times a day for fear of awful consequences if they do not. It pays a whole lot better than this type of compulsion, but it is no more heroic.(Julie Burchill, Sex and Sensibility, 1992)It is nece ssary to write, if the days are not to slip emptily by. How else, indeed, to clap the net over the butterfly of the moment? for the moment passes, it is forgotten; the mood is gone; life itself is gone. That is where the writer scores over his fellows; he catches the changes of his mind on the hop.(Vita Sackville-West, Twelve Days, 1928)You most likely need a thesaurus, a rudimentary grammar book, and a grip on reality. This latter means: theres no free lunch. Writing is work. Its also gambling. You dont get a pension plan. Other people can help you a bit, but  ­essentially youre on your own.  ­Nobody is making you do this: you chose it, so dont whine.(Margaret Atwood, Rules for Writers. The Guardian, February 22, 2010)Why one writes is a question I can answer easily, having so often asked it myself. I believe one writes because one has to create a world in which one can live. I could not live in any of the worlds offered to me--the world of my parents, the world of war, the wor ld of politics. I had to create a world of my own, like a climate, a country, an atmosphere where I could breathe, reign, and recreate myself when destroyed by living. That, I believe, is the reason for every work of art. We also write to heighten our awareness of life. We write to lure, enchant, and to console others. We write to serenade. We write to taste life twice, once in the moment and once in retrospection. We write to be able to transcend our life, to reach beyond it. We write to teach ourselves to speak to others, to record the journey into the labyrinth. We write to expand our world when we feel strangled or restricted or lonely.(Anaà ¯s Nin, The New Woman. In Favor of the Sensitive Man and Other Essays. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976) The Lighter Side of Writing Writing is like the worlds oldest profession. First, you do it for your own enjoyment. Then you do it for a few friends. Eventually, you figure, what the hell, I might as well get paid for it.(Television scriptwriter Irma Kalish)

The Trafficking Of Human Organs - 1564 Words

Trafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through the legal process (Bilefsky, 2012). In 2010 there was an estimated amount to 11,000 organs that were obtained through black market operations (Perry, 2016). The trafficking of the human kidney is the most popular organ that is being sold in the black market, due to the fact that a person can live a productive life with only one kidney even though a person is born with two (Living with One Kidney, 2015). It has been estimated that there are 10,000 different black market outfits that in volve the selling and purchasing of human organs that take place annually throughout the world. Through these traffickers a human kidney is being purchased on the astounding average of one every hour (World Health Organization, 2012). Many people who are in pursuit to purchase a kidney will go to China, India, or Pakistan to have the surgery done and has paid up to the amount of $200,000 for a kidney. While the person is paying so much the donor might receive $5,000 of that money from the blackShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Organ Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Trafficking There are many problems with global crimes. What holds these crimes together isn’t because people around the world are committing the same crimes, it’s because these criminals have created global organizations that have ties in all the corners of the world. These groups work just like normal business do, exporting and importing goods to gain profit. However, unlike normal businesses their goods are illegal such as drugs and often inhumane such as trafficking humans. EvenRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the rising demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolutionRead MoreBlack Market Organ Trafficking : The Illegal Act Of Exchanging Human Organs Or Tissues At An Agreed Price Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesBlack market organ trafficking Organ trafficking deals with the illegal act of exchanging human organs or tissues at an agreed price. This practice involves mafia networks that collect organs from dead or living persons. A majority of people involved in this illicit business are poverty stricken and so, they see it as a promise of a brighter future. While the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined strict rules, imposed ethical standards along with the absence of any monetary compensation, theRead More Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People?992 Words   |  4 Pages Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? (Campbell Davison, 2012), say that the unlawful business in human organs special kidneys has advanced quickly and unexpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays many countries have wars so there are many poor people who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there are many sick people that felt desperation because they lost their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they neededRead MoreHuman Organ Trafficking Is What We Hear About All The Time Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesHuman organ trafficking is what we hear about all the time. By hook or by crook, it appears we ve gone calloused and look at it as anything so detached from our reality. Nonetheless, somewhere in the market, real persons are suffering and are going through this designated difficulty. They re both forcibly or with consent taken and forced to donate their organs or killed and their organs are harvested. They are individuals whose freedom and rights are trampled on and taken away. Ways of GettingRead MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Large Problem1446 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal organ trafficking has become a large problem all over the world. The traffickers are commonly attacking the poor and promising them money but it never ends up being the correct amount. Commonly doctors and pharmaceutical companies overlook the illegal trade of the organs because they receiving money from the transplants. Organ trafficking takes place in three broad categories. The first one is organ traffickers will force or trick the individual into giving up an organ. Secondly the victimRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagescontribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is tha t human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. Human trafficking can occur in many different forms, however, there are very few lawsRead MoreHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Human trafficking is when a person is forced or tricked into working under terrible conditions. The victims of human trafficking may be kidnapped or are sometimes lured with false promises for a better future in a new country. Human trafficking is a high-profit and low-risk endeavor for the traffickers. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally and is considered a crime against the victim being trafficked because of the violation of the victim’sRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1137 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking Organ trafficking is one of the great issues that is faced by the society today. It is a practice of stealing people’s organ through surgery under the influence of drugs or from a dead person, and the organs are normally sold in black market such as China. South Africa, and Russia. WHO has estimated that one-fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted every year come from the black market through a widespread organ-trafficking networks. In my opinion, organ trafficking hasRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1465 Words   |  6 PagesGAC015 Assessment Event 4: Academic Research Essay Organ Trafficking Students Name: Mary Jin Student ID #: JPCH21571 Teacher: John Due Date: 2013.2.25 Word Count: 1164 Question: In many countries organ trafficking is illegal, yet the incidence is on the increasing. Examine the legal, ethical and sociological issues involved in procuring human organs for transplant operations, comparing two countries with very different approaches.

The Presidential Election Process Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Since the number of U. Representatives is based on population, more populous states have more electors. Te electors only take part in this one-time vote and are not responsible for any future legislative work. Tey is appointees of participating political parties and typically always vote in favor of their party s respective candidate. Historically, o four occasions the winning president did not receive the popular vote with the latest being the 2000 elections 17) when Al Gore lost to George W. Bush by a slim margin of Electoral College despite receiving a higher nationwide popular vote. Bush won 271 Electoral College votes, with a margin of only 1 vote above the minimum required. Te 2000 elections renewed the long held debate of why shouldn t U. ctizens be able to elect their President through popular vote rather than the current indirect statewide Electoral College method? Those who support the indirect Electoral College method maintains that it is not less democratic and is, in fact, abetter representation of the federal structure of the government. According to them, it reinforces federalism distributing popular will across individual states. The other advantages they cite related to federalism is that less populous states are given due representation on account of their Senate seats and abandoning the Electoral College would put them at a disadvantage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Presidential Election Process or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Federalism is the cornerstone of U. democracy and the argument is indeed strong. However, closer look reveals that it seems more an effort to maintain the status quo than to recognize that improvements in the system will bring it closer to democratic ideals. Federalism means that each administrative unit within the nation has a say in the overall decision making. Te Senate already ensures federalism by sending two members from every state regardless of their population size, aspect opponents of reform conveniently ignore. N law can be passed in the nation without being approved by the Senate. Another important aspect they overlook is the effect of the swing states in the current system which destroys their argument of federalism. Several states like California and Texas consistently vote for one party and receive very little campaigning attention. Sing states, contested is real and the result could go either way, receive most of campaigning attention and it is voters in these states which have the highest effect on the election result. So, it can be argued that, in reality, the current system results in a heavy tilt of focus towards these swing states (Dotinga 192-196) rather equality for the smaller states.

Understanding Eating Disorders through a Biomedical Model...

Can We Better Understand Eating Disorders, Namely Anorexia Nervosa, Through A Biomedical Model Or By Socio-cultural Analysis? ‘It’s like I never knew what self-respect was all about until now. The thinner I get, the better I feel†¦this has become the most important thing I’ve ever done. ‘ (Ciseaux, 1980, p.1468) Incidences of Anorexia Nervosa have appeared to increase sharply in the USA, UK and western European countries since the beginning of the 60s (Gordon, 2001). The increasing prevalence of the disease has led the World Health Organisation to declare eating disorders a global priority area within adolescent mental health (Becker et al. 2011). Anorexia has in many ways become a modern epidemic (Gordon, 2000) and with a mortality rate of 10% per decade (Gorwood et al. 2003), the highest of any mental disorder (Bulik et al. 2006), it is an epidemic that social and biological scientists have been working tirelessly to understand. There are several bio-medical definitions of anorexia; The NHS refers to an anorexic as someone who tries to keep their weight as low as possible, by restricting diet, often over exercising and in some cases through the use of laxatives and diuretics (NHS, 2014). The DSM-V definition similarly suggests that anorexia is characterised by a refusal to maintain body weight at or above the minimally normal weight for age and height (DSM-V, 2014). Both definitions highlight an intense fear of gaining weight and a hugely distorted perceptionShow MoreRelatedMass Media Has A Strong Effect On Adolescent Female Adolescents4176 Words   |  17 Pagesmass media is something we are all a part of in our daily lives. When we wake up in the morning until we go to bed at night, we are a part of mass media. From the minute, we sit down at the computer, or if we decide to turn on the television or flip through a magazine. Mass media is in the magazines we read and there are advertisements everywhere w e look. This is who we are in this culture today but within this mass amount of information streaming around us, there also seems to be the common theme ofRead MoreDrug Addiction5980 Words   |  24 PagesNOT seen as a disease or as the result of genetic or biological predisposition. These people have a strong personal and social interest in an entirely nonphysiological model of addictive human behavior. Their perspective of social problems is based primarily on a philosophical orientation with a social perspective, heralding socio-political correctness as its goal. Throughout history, a great many people and institutions have tried to help alcoholics and addicts. Currently, there are thousands

Police Misconduct and Corruption - 1757 Words

Week 1 Assignment In order for a Police agency to prevent and deter Police misconduct, there must be a definition to what actions and behaviors that the term will encompass. The term ‘police corruption’ has been used to describe many activities: bribery; violence and brutality; fabrication and destruction of evidence; racism; favoritism or nepotism. Many different scholars differ in their own examples of the definition. Before attempting to the question of whether a precise definition is possible, it is worth examining the range of activities that might be included within a broad discussion of corruption. In (Bayley and Perito, 2011), it is defined as police corruption is a contested phrase with narrow and broad meanings. Narrowly†¦show more content†¦Reforming recruit training is the most common response among police agencies attempting to deal with corruption. There is, in this regard, a straightforward link between training, competence and malpractice/corruption. Straightfo rwardly, the better officers are at using legitimate means, the less they will need to have recourse to illegitimate ones. Police agencies that train their officers, and provide them with the resources they require to achieve the goals of the job legitimately should find that its officers are less likely to fall into corruption or misconduct. There have been several studies and implemented policies within agencies all over the world directed to prevent and deter police misconduct / corruption. In the early 1990s, the Mollen Commission of Inquiry revealed a serious police corruption problem in the New York City Police Department (NYPD). One of the key recommendations of the commission was that their internal investigative structure the Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB) be reconstituted as it had failed to effectively tackle the problem. Almost a decade since the establishment of a new IAB, it is hailed as a noteworthy example of how such a structure should operate if police corruption is to be adequately dealt with. (Newham, 2003). One additional strategy against Police misconduct that I would like to mention is the involvement of departments in becoming accredited. The goal of the organizationShow MoreRelatedPolice Misconduct and Corruption2063 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION For as long as policing has existed in America, there has been misconduct and corruption associated with any given policing agency. Police officer malfeasance can range from minor cases of misconduct to the downright criminal acts that are considered to be corruption. It is important to state here that not all police officers are guilty of misconduct and/or corruption, but like everything in our media-based society, the ?bad? cops are of much more interest and therefore are what thisRead MorePolice Corruption and Misconduct2992 Words   |  12 PagesPolice Corruption and Misconduct We all know that Police Officers and those involved in Law Enforcement are typically good people who we entrust to uphold our laws and rules in society. For them to be able to do their job however we grant them several privileges that that empower them more than the average citizen. Their status at times can make them appear above the law since they are the ones upholding and enforcing it and with all due respect I believe mostly of those individuals are responsibleRead More Police Corruption and Misconduct Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Police corruption and misconduct come apparent in many different forms. A basic definition for police corruption is, when an officer gets involved in offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission, to obtain improper financial benefit. The main reason for such corruption is typically for personal gain, such as bribery. Police abuse of authority occurs in three different general areas such as physical abuse, psycholog ical abuse, and legal abuse. Physical abuse is suchRead More Police Misconduct and Corruption Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesWithin our police system in America, there are gaps and loopholes that give leeway to police officials who either abuse the authority given to them or do not represent the ethical standards that they are expected to live up to by society. Because of the nature of police work, there is a potential for deterioration of these ethical and moral standards through deviance, misconduct, corruption, and favoritism. Although these standards are set in place, many police officers are not held accountable forRead MoreTraining Day - Police Corruption Misconduct1160 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"Training Day† Police Corruption and Misconduct L**** C**** Ogeechee Technical College Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Practicum (CRJU2090) Neal Owens June 8, 2014 â€Å"Training Day† – Police Corruption and Misconduct Special units in police forces are essential to the function of any organization, however some of these special units might evolve into feeling superior to the rest of the agency. The mentality of doing it their own way sets in and more likely than not thisRead MorePolice Ethics and Deviance1125 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Ethics and Deviance Ethics and the police is a subject that most people are interested in. When people use the words ethics and police in the same sentence, people usually think of police deviance, police corruption, misconducts such as drug and alcohol abuse, sexual violence, domestic disputes, and violence within families. Most common subjects people most associate with police ethics is police brutality, police deception, and abuse of their authority. Police officers in the UnitedRead MoreUnethical Police Operations1099 Words   |  5 PagesUnethical Police Operations When a Police Officer abuses his authority, it is called police misconduct. Police misconduct is a broad term used to describe police corruption and police brutality which include violations of state and federal laws, the violation of an individual’s constitutional rights, the abuse of police authority for personal gain, excessive force, false arrest and imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and wrongful death. Police misconduct can often lead to the miscarriage of justiceRead MorePolice Corruption : How Bad Is It And How Does It Affect Our Perception Of The United States Legal784 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2014 Police Corruption: How bad is it and how does it affect our perception of the United States legal system? The broad or basic dictionary definition of corruption is dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery (Corruption |Usage Example Sentence, Pronunciation, Web Definition | Google Dictionary.). My definition of corruption is the same, but my definition of corruption in law enforcement is different. This is my definition of corruption in law enforcement;Read MorePolice Corruption Essay : Good Cop And Bad Cop1148 Words   |  5 Pagescalled names. Police officers have been known to take bribes for illegal things. There is corruption all over the states, it is everywhere from Chicago to even Kansas. Police tactics are endangering civilian lives. Corruption is causing so much tension between civilians and officers. Not all police officers are corrupt, but the ones who are give a bad reputation to them all. First, what is corruption? Police corruption is the abuse of police authority for personal gain. Corruption may involve profitRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Police Agency Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesPolice agencies have been traumatized with allegations of corruption and misconduct almost since the inception of law enforcement. In most organizations, an employee investigation is a sensitive issue. The employee being investigated can become unsettled, many times mentally and emotionally exhausted. Employees directly and indirectly involved can also become emotionally drained. Consider the impact an internal affairs investigation has within a police agency as it struggles to maintain the confidence

Giving Pluto Telecommunications A New Turn

Question: Outline and analyze the problems confronting Pluto Telecommunications and offer recommendations for their resolution. Answer: Introduction Pluto is a vast organisation based on the provision of telecommunication services to its customer. With the high demand for these services as technology continues to advance, Pluto is, therefore, dealing with a large number of customers. This implies that there is a need to employ a large number of workers in an attempt to attend to these large numbers that are growing day after day. In an organisation or any institution, an increase in its population makes it hard to manage. Pluto is facing similar problems. 1.0 Problems identification Lack of teamwork Poor co-ordination Inefficient upward communication lack of commitment Bureaucratic ethos 2.0 Analysis of the issues 2.1 Lack of teamwork Andrew Carnegie defines teamwork in his quote as, the ability to pursue a common goal in work. The ability to focus on organisational accomplishments in working as one. This drives different people to achieve the same results. Teamwork is lacking in the three departments of this organisation. Veronica, a managing director, reports that the three departments do not only have a bad association amongst themselves but also they work counter each other. This means that they dont share the same vision and mission. They are serving their own interest and trying to show themselves better than the members of the other departments. in an organisation bringing different people from different geographies to pursue a common goal, if they split then they will be divided in views since they cannot share a common view basing on a certain matter. Due to a large number of customers served, this lack of teamwork possesses a great hindrance to the development of the organisation as a whole. Different departments are driven by different interest and this is the major cause of division here. Manktelow et al, (2016) state in the team assessment survey that these days almost everybody is a member of some team. They add that if you do not participate actively in a team then, there are possibilities that you participate within one in some way for it's very important to know your weaknesses and strengths as far as teamwork is concerned so that you may further the development of your career. This challenges the Pluto work staff and explains their differences in opinion regarding matters of organisational development. 2.2 Poor coordination There are also major coordination issues among the three departments. they are totally losing it as far as coordination is concerned. This is well illustrated by the sales department where they promise the customers installation without consulting the customer service department that has the engineers responsible for the installation process. The marketing team also releases a new product to the market without communicating and passing relevant information to the sales and customer services department giving the latter hard time dealing with customers linked to this new product. These departments have their roles linked up whereby information from one department is passed to the other department for implementation. Their lack of coordination only means that a lot of work is going to be left unattended for since the other departments have no idea what is going on. It is a well-known fact that information is power, therefore, failing to pass the same to the other departments only means more harm than good to this Pluto organisation. Sharief (2016) in his opinion shares that if coordination is lacking in an organisation then this reduces its productivity, makes processes complicated and completion assignments gets delayed. He further states that for one to manage the entire organisations efforts, a system of integration of events that creates organisational accountability is required, just as Tim Bobby called for. He further adds giving these processes implementations gives room for coordination within the departments in the entire organisation among employees. This is why Veronica complains about the decrease in the productivity. Even a small organisation cannot survive if there are instances of lack of coordination amongst its members. With this lack of coordination, it is obvious that most of the work might end up being done more than one time since one department has no idea what the other was working on. This will consume the resources of the organisation drastically and reduce the output by a high value due to the time wasted as one work is repeated. This is going to incur the organisation great losses for it is always a primary objective of any business entity to reduce the cost as much as possible in order to enjoy god profits. Pulling a lot of resources towards one task will only see this business suffer a blow of losses. Information is not passing accordingly through the departments. This is going to make the organisation lose a lot of data in the process. Without this data, a lot of work is going to be left undone or done poorly since data forms a part of the input, for any organisation, that is manipulated to produce the desired output. This, in turn, is going to delay a lot of operations in the organisation. Any delay on a job to be done in an organisation comes with a loss in the process. This is because a lot of time is concentrated on working on one thing, a time that could be used to attend to some other job to gain more profit. Time is money and for any business entity to see good progress, they must keep this in mind always and forever. 2.3 Inefficient upward communication Upward communication is discouraged in this Pluto organisation. This is well illustrated when Mr Wensley is told to wait outside the boardroom by his boss, Veronica. Mr. Matthew is also interrupted as he calls for integration by the boss. The Business Communication (2015) states that upward communication results to a good labour-management relationship whereby employees lower level executives bring forth information and top executives use such information, after analysing it, to come to a common decision which results in the subordinates being at good terms with their superiors a factor that improves the operations of the whole organisation. When the upward communication is discouraged then it means that the superiors dont get relevant reports from their subordinates. This means that they lose track of how those they are to supervise are doing their job. That friendly environment between the boss and the worker is necessary for easy passage of information that can lead to the development of the organisation. Luthans supports this in his work as he reports that, Feedback makes communication a two-way process and is a big problem with much of e-mail that turns out to be only one-way. As electronic communication becomes more interactive, such problems can be overcome. There is continuing research evidence that feedback not only improves communication but also, in turn, leads to a more effective manager and organisational performance (2011, p.254). The subordinate staff is very close to the customers more than their superiors. This means that they are rich in ideas which can make the organisation improve its productivity because they know the taste of the customers and share the feeling of the customers on certain products. With this experience, they are more innovative and can bring forth ideas that will see the organisation thrive beyond the grasp of its competitors. This means that if such information is passed to the superiors then the organisation will, in turn, enjoy much more benefits. This lacking in Pluto and it is a serious blow to them. The upward communication is also key to a favourable working environment. If the employees are free to talk to their superiors, then they will be motivated to work even hard because they cannot afford to lose that relationship. This will result in the workers being at great harmony and simplify work in the organisation. Most human beings work best when they a peace of mind. Here their self-esteem is boosted and they gather a lot of confidence that will enable them to work even much better. In the absence of this, the output they bring forth is undesirable. 2.4 lack of commitment Mowday, et al. defines an organisational commitment to be the tendency of an employees oversight and relations that shows his loyalty to his work. Other than this, he says that commitment to an organisation entails the willingness of an individual to do all that it takes to see the goals of an organisation achieved (1979). The workers of this organisation do not show commitment to the job they are doing. The commitment of workers is one factor that is paramount that if met then any organisation shows a great success. This missing commitment is seen when Mr. Matthew says, "I know not the happenings outside my department because (a) it is none of my business and (b) There is no time to find out." A committed worker would gather any relevant information that may benefit the organisation he is working for not only from his department but also from other departments so that he is well updated on the operations going on in his workplace. The sales personnel are also reported that they are mostly after the bonuses they receive on the sales they make such that once they make one transaction, they are much eager to jump to the next for more bonuses. These employees should, on the other hand, put more efforts in the development of the organisation. Commitment enables the worker to operate till late hours. They readily volunteer to duties even those outside their departments for the good of the organisation. A workplace with employees driven their commitment thrives even their competitors are stiff. There is nothing good as working with a passion. This can see you achieve a lot of things in your working career. This gives your supervisors less work thus releasing you from working under great pressure. UK Essays (2013) reports that if benefits and support is offered to the employees by the organisation then absenteeism will be reduced and, in addition, they feel appreciated for the services they offer. This will automatically make the employees develop much interest in their work and show surprising commitment for the betterment of the organisation. 2.5. Bureaucratic ethos This is the spirit whereby top officials in an organisation are the only ones responsible for major decision making. Landry addresses the topic on bureaucracy in his book stating, Bureaucracies exist in the public, private and community spheres in various forms. They can be complex in their precise characteristics depending on their purpose, mission, scope and size. A bureaucracy is the organisational structure of larger organisations which have systematic procedures, protocols and regulations to manage activity. These dictate how most processes are executed as well as the formal division of powers, hierarchies, and relationships intended to anticipate needs and improve efficiency. Here the focus is on the public domain, yet it has as much relevance to how large corporations operate as to public institutions. Key principles have evolved in how they operate such as neutrality or leaving vision making to politicians. This can constrain initiative, motivation and creative potential (2011). We are told that managers from higher grades are reticent to communicate with other managers from a lower grade. This is very uncalled for since for an organisation to meet its set goals, then all the opinions and suggestions must be taken into consideration. Due to the division of labour and specialisation, that is seen in most organisations, a worker may develop a feeling that he is entitled to all the major decisions around his area of specialisation. This is wrong since other employees from a different department may provide better ideas as well. For good progress, every employee should be taken into consideration as far as opinion is concerned. 3.0 Alternatives 3.1 Lack of teamwork Lack of teamwork adversely affects on tasks, which cannot be completed without effective teamwork thus, the teamwork must be improved and for this the team members must be chosen sensitively, so that the tasks would be completed in appropriate way. 3.2 Poor coordination In order improve the efficiency of the product and services the coordination among the different section of the organization must be improved, that help the organization in improving the efficiency of the product and services of the organization thus help in improving the prospectus of the organization. 3.3 Inefficient upward communication For better outcome as well as to achieve the goals and objectives the upward communication is most important as it help to know the management about the performance along with performance issues so that they can take important steps in order to minimize the issues and improve the performance of the employees thus performance of the organization. 3.4 lack of commitment The entire employees of the organization must be committed towards their requisite duties and responsibilities so that all the vital tasks would be completed within the predefined time and standard, which help the organization to achieve the goals and objectives of the organizations. 3.5 Bureaucratic ethos Bureaucratic ethos must be avoided by the management staffs as in current scenario the effective coordination between the top and middle management is most important and it is necessary for the successful accomplishment of the goal and objectives of the organization. 4. Recommendation 4.1. Encourage teamwork Chalmers (2016) emphasises on teamwork in his statement where is states, it doesnt matter if you are a boss or planning to lead, you should push for teamwork, in your workplace, for it builds skill in business. He clarifies that this is not just put the best guys together, it is more than just that In an effort to promote teamwork, the superiors should always make sure that those whom he heads share in the future plans of the organisation. By so doing, the members will work as a team achieve the goals of the organisation. The organisation should also set targets to be met by the different departments and for the members of the departments as well. By so doing, the members of the departments will have to work together in order to hit the target. Rewards should be promised to teams that do great not individuals for this will nature the togetherness in the organisation. The employees should always be made to feel as part of the organisation. A firm trust should be developed between the employees and their bosses. If this is done, every information that regards the organisation will be shared equally and no employee will be left in the dark. Being informed is enough motivation to work even harder for you will feel that the organisation values you and every service that you have to offer them. This openness will enable the superiors to pay attention to whatever other employees have to say. This, in turn, moulds a bond so strong. 4.2. Encourage coordination When teamwork is fully encouraged, coordination between the departments will follow promptly. This is because, with the teams in place, coordination of the different departments will be needed in order for the set targets to be met. With these in place, all the operations of the organisation will fall back to normally and work done smoothly. In addition, harmony and unity will be achieved. The unitary Pluto culture will be brought back to life once again. This is the secret to the successes seen by many organisations globally. With coordination at hand, employees can work in the areas where they specialise in much easily. Business Management reports that, In modem organisation, diversification and complexities of technology give rise to specialisation. The organisation hires specialists who that they are competent to handle their jobs. They do not consult departmental heads. This often leads to conflict among specialists and departmental heads. Therefore, coordination is needed to reconcile differences to ensure unity of action achieve the organisational objective (2013). By doing this, the production will be improved and time saved. This means that resources will be pulled towards achieving a goal are utilised accordingly and result seen. The organisation will enjoy great profits in return. Success is not all about doing everything possible, sometimes it is all about doing just the little things. 4.3. Create a conducive environment for working Begumisa (2014) while writing on building a conducive environment for working reports that, creating the right environment for working entails knowing how to motivate the employees and this would depend on the behavioural and the physical factors. They are as follows: facilities and equipment, atmosphere and workspace, an environment free of noise (although this could vary from one profession to another), encouragement to foster creativity, and ability to make the workplace fun. The environment that you are working in defines how best you will perform in it. Giving the employees a good pay improves their working environment. They will feel motivated and produce their best. This will also see the sales personnel stop going just after the bonuses but do a job with a lot of passion. Providing the working allowances in time and hearing out your employees when they ask for a day or two off with genuine reasons will improve their working environment. Every employee works to their level best when they are at ease with everything around them. This is how you can grant them this. 5.0 Plan of action 5.1 Lack of teamwork In order to improve the teamwork between the members, the members of a team would be selected sensitively and there several workshops will be arranged for the teams so that they can understand each others, their capabilities and weakness, which help in planning the task accordingly. Besides this, it helps in improving their personal relationship and bondage that improve their coordination so that the work would be done more efficiently. 5.2 Poor co-ordination In order to improve the coordination between the different sections of the organization the organization will plan several joint conventions for the sections which related to each other so that the communication and relation between the employees of different sections can be improved and thus the coordination between the different sections would be improved. 5.3 Inefficient upward communication For improving the upward communication between the employees, middle manager and top level managers, the organization must plan some meeting, get together, conventions among the different level of employees of the organization, which help in improving the relation among them and thus the upward communication of the organization will be improved. 5.4 lack of commitment In order to improve the commitment of the employees the organization must take adequate motivational strategies so that the employees will be motivated towards their work and improve their commitment towards their work. 5.5 Bureaucratic ethos The Bureaucratic ethos must be prohibited, as it hinder the growth of the company so a frequent meeting between the top level management officials with middle management staffs will be arranged, where the middle managers freely discuss the issue, which they face in order to obtain certain performance from the employees. Conclusion It is very evident that Pluto is facing a lot of managerial issues. These are not permanent though; they can be all stopped and a new chapter opened that will see this organisation to the skies. Listed above are a number of resolutions that if followed step by step then Pluto can get to the place Veronica desires it to be. With all these resolutions in place, Pluto will definitely take a new turn and achieve all it goals. It will not only prosper as an organisation but also the employees in it will develop their careers and achieve their dreams as they work together as one big family. United they shall stand. References Begumisa, L. J. (2014). Building a conducive working environment. Business Management Ideas (2013). Importance of proper coordination to achieve organisational objectives. Chalmers, E. (2016). 13 Ways to encourage teamwork. Landry, C. (2011). The creative bureaucracy: A think piece. Luthans, F. (2011). Organisational behavior. 12th ed. Manktelow, J. et al, (2016). Team effectiveness assessment: How good is your team? Mowday, R. T., Richard M.S. Lyman W. P. (1997). The measurement of organisational commitment; Journal of Vocational Behavior. Sharief, S. (2015). How can bad coordination between departments affect the sales process? The Business Communication (2015). Advantages and disadvantages of upward communication.

Everything to Nothing free essay sample

I am privileged. Blessed. My life is cushioned with a comfortable home, family vacations in tropical countries, and numerous extracurricular activities. But growing up, I never valued the possessions and experiences that I was blessed with. I took them for granted and assumed that I would always have everything. My attitude was indifferent; I thought, â€Å"I’ll always be living a nice life.† However, a single tragedy that I witnessed revealed to me that I might not always be living a nice life: in fact, I might not always be living. In my sophomore year of high school, my fellow student, â€Å"Joseph,† died literally at my feet. It was a crisp October morning, and I was walking to school through the crisp autumn air. Bikers whizzed by me in the lane next to the sidewalk, each one hurrying to arrive at school on time. As I nodded softly to the music pulsing through my headphones, a large garbage truck slowly crawled by, towing some sort of trailer. We will write a custom essay sample on Everything to Nothing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its loud huffing bothered me, and I turned up my music. But suddenly, the music in my ears went silent as I watched a tragedy unfold right in front of me. Joseph, riding a royal blue bike, pedaled furiously to pass the gigantic garbage truck. As he passed its trailer, the trailer’s wheels skittered over a bump in the road, causing the huge metal vehicle to swerve wildly. The edge of the trailer smashed into Joseph, sending him over the handlebars of his bike and face-first into the dark gray concrete. I heard myself gasp as I sprinted towards him. Other drivers were pulling to the sides of the road and jumping out of their cars, sprinting towards the bloody and motionless boy. As I reached the scene, I felt my stomach churn. Joseph lay in the gutter, inches from my black laced sneakers. I crumpled to the ground. The aftermath of the accident passed in a blur of ambulance sirens, sobbing parents, and a black body bag that stays burned in my mind. Finally, when Joseph’s body had been taken away, a police officer sent me on to school. However, I instead headed home, still in shock. I had seen my fellow student die. My fellow student who would have taken the SAT and applied for college and gone on to pursue a career, just as I would. Every experience that I would have was an experience that he had lost the chance to have. And he could have been me. I was only a yard away from the accident; he could have been me. I could have lost my family, my future, my life. If my fellow student could die, I could to. Following Joseph’s death, I learned to appreciate everyone I knew and everything I had. I began documenting my trips and experiences with photographs and writing. I wrote thank-you cards and little notes for my friends. I spent time with my family. I savored each meal. I put my energy into studying and doing well in school, because I had the chance to. It would be cruel of me to view life with the indifferent attitude that I once had; at least I had a life, and so I should value it. Although Joseph’s death was a heartbreaking tragedy that never should have happened, his death taught me the value of life, and for that I am grateful.

Essay on Child Abuse - Write Your Dream Essay

Essay on Child Abuse - Write Your Dream EssayA College Essay on Child Abuse can be difficult for a student to write. The reason for this is that the topic seems to deal with dark areas of human nature and psychology. In some cases, the subject matter itself may even lead one to question the validity of one's sanity.Parents have had the right to watch their children since they were children and that right was upheld even if the parents themselves were abusive to their children. No child should be subjected to this type of treatment, no matter what kind of upbringing they may have had. The same goes for children who were abused in such a way that the bruises and scars are permanent.The thought of writing an essay on child abuse is very distressing. If you are indeed able to put your feelings into words, then you can be assured that you have given a lot of thought and effort to your essay. However, do not expect that your essay will be accepted. It takes at least ten different essays to get your essay recognized as original.Essays on child abuse must deal with various topics, such as personality development, family systems, self-esteem and a host of other elements that are related to human behavior. For this reason, the essay needs to be written with clarity and subtlety. The writer has to be careful not to make the issues seem too obvious or too hard to grasp.On the whole, the essay is lengthy and may not be approved. Unless you are aware of how to write the college essay on child abuse, then you should not expect your essay to be accepted. The best option is to try and rewrite the essay in a way that will make it look like original one. This might mean that you need to take some liberties with the topic.Ifyour essay deals with the topic of child abuse, you should make sure that you are not generalizing. That means that you should not try and present an extreme version of events to the reader. In other words, you should not go against the grain of common sense. T ry and avoid making anything seem too unnatural or crazy. It would be best if you use your own experiences as references.The worst thing that can happen in the essay is that it will be rejected because it does not have the relevant authorities on its side. You should make sure that your essay is well researched and that you have reference materials. It is always a good idea to include some personal memoirs that would highlight your own experiences of child abuse. This will give you a point of reference to base your essay on.All in all, writing an essay on child abuse is not easy. With patience and consistency, however, you can eventually get your essay accepted.

What Age Should Your Story Be From in a College Essay?

What Age Should Your Story Be From in a College Essay?When I was in college and my grade point average was dropping, I was pretty confused. It took me a while to figure out that there were some things I was doing that caused my grades to drop as well. What I learned was that if I could get my grades up so that I could improve my grade point average, I could get an A in every essay I wrote.Writing college essays is no different than writing university essays and your grade is determined by three main factors. The first two are research, the third factor being your ability to convey your thoughts in the best way possible.There are many resources for you to use when you are writing about things such as the health of the family, research done by other families, public records, and the list goes on. So when you are writing an essay on any of these subjects, always be sure that you have researched the subject well. This includes websites, books, and other resources that you can use to rese arch your topic. Try to read as much as you can about it and put together a good argument and you will be able to convince the reader and the professor that you know what you are talking about.It also helps to take into account the student's viewpoint. If you are writing an essay about a topic that might be controversial or offensive to someone, make sure that your opinions are represented properly. If you are writing an essay about a controversial topic and you don't like the topic, it is important that you take time to think about it before you write the essay. If you don't like something then it's much harder to defend yourself.Another thing that I found helpful when I was in college and struggling to write an essay on a certain topic was to take my time and find some other resources for the topic that might not be as controversial as the topic that I was studying. Sometimes researching articles, books, or other sources of information on the topic that I was working on would be m ore beneficial to me than trying to write my essay from a beginning first person perspective. One great tip that I was taught when I was in college is to research each topic thoroughly before you start writing an essay.In the end, what age should your story be from in a college essay will be something that will be determined by you and your own personal opinion. There is nothing wrong with writing an essay that you think is 'cool.' However, if you need help with writing it, there are a few resources that I recommend that will help you along. Take time to look through the website of an instructor that you have had some success with and maybe even ask them for advice or help.Also remember that if you do take time to research your topic and find the best resources for your student's opinion, then you will be well on your way to getting an A. As long as you have done everything correctly, when you are finished with your essay, you should be able to ask the professor's adviser for your g rade.Writing an essay can be fun but it can also be quite frustrating when you don't feel that you were able to convey your thoughts well. It can also be frustrating when you do everything right and still cannot convince the reader that your story is true.

Analysing significant changes in cost structure Essays

Analysing significant changes in cost structure Essays Analysing significant changes in cost structure Essay Analysing significant changes in cost structure Essay Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) believe that the demand to enter information on commercial position has existed for as long clip as people have traded. Hannay ( 2003 ) asserted that the key development in the history of accounting was the innovation of double-entry clerking. Historically, we know that double-entry clerking emerged in Italy about 13th century. But cost accounting is non every bit old as dual entry clerking. It is rather recent system that emerged in 19th century, and developed by twentieth. Cost accounting is a system which measures the cost of merchandise or services. Furthermore, the demand for direction accounting information is a much more recent phenomenon. Management accounting is a portion of the fiscal coverage procedure and it refering the activities of directors. Management accounting utilizes cost accounting information and analyses and uses them in many of import direction maps. Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) asserted that cost accounting was one of the effect industrial revolution and take steps refering the merchandises costs. Traditional cost accounting system has used in a most of fabrication and services houses from 18th century. They believed that the fabrication houses developed cost accounting for two intents: to command the internal procedures and activities that generated those higher returns, and to measure internal chances to derive from their resources. They asserted that direction accounting foremost appeared in the United States and developments occurred during the 19th century. They believed that most of import direction accounting patterns was emerged before 1925 and after this clip it seemed the development stopped. They indentified accounting patterns that introduced before 1925 and they have used until now included: discrepancy analysis for labour, stuff, and overhead, standard cost, budgeting for cost, income and hard currency, flexible budgets, return on investing ( ROI ) , Due Pont, transportation pricing, and sale prognosiss. In a sense, cost accounting measures the cost of merchandise or services and its information is used for direction accounting intents in fiscal coverage procedure every bit good as in determinations doing procedure such as sell or purchase determinations, transportation pricing, value stock list, cost control, and public presentation finding. At the beginning, cost accounting system was used for supplying information on labour cost per unit of end product, so, it mentioned to other constituents of cost ( stuff and operating expense ) . Traditional bing systems ( TCS ) were designed for fabrication environments which direct costs were a larger per centum of entire costs. This system allocates overhead costs to merchandises, utilizing on volume-based measuring associating direct cost like for illustration direct stuff cost, machine hours and direct labour hours. Although its overhead cost allotment was non rather accurate, this system worked good, since direct labour and stuff, represented the bulk of the entire cost while overhead cost was merely a little fraction. But for past three decennaries, many companies have experienced important alterations in their cost construction. Overhead cost has increased imposingly and has become the dominant cost constituent of many merchandises. Many research workers highlight the altera tion of cost construction for illustration Baker ( 1994 ) asserted that today direct labour cost is frequently less than 15 % of the entire cost and overhead cost may show 50 % or more of entire cost. During the same clip period, much unfavorable judgment was raised that traditional cost accounting has failed to fix progress related, on clip, and highly accurate information for bettering direction determination. To get the better of the failing of traditional cost accounting, several direction accounting inventions have been introduced during 1980s and 1990s. Bjornenak and Olson ( 1999 ) recognized the chief cost and direction accounting inventions based on their importance in the literature including: Activity- based direction ( ABM ) ; activity-based costing ( ABC ) ; local information system ( LS ) ; balanced scorecard ( BS ) ; life rhythm costing ( LCC ) ; mark costing ( TC ) ; and strategic direction accounting ( SMA ) . Furthermore Chenhall and Langfield-Smith ( 1998 ) introduced the most popular late cost and direction accounting inventions in Australia including: merchandise life rhythm, valued added constructs, balanced scorecard techniques, entire quality direction, strategic direction, hazard direction, benchmarking, economic value added, mark bing analysis, and activity-based costing as methods for linking scheme and aims in companies. The current survey efforts to foretell and tests the influence of certain contextual factors on execution phases, acceptance, and extract activity-based costing ( ABC ) among the Persian fabrication houses. Gosselin ( 1997 ) claimed that ABC is one of the most of import direction accounting inventions of the 20th century.Main different between ABC and TCS is in the measuring of the constituent of cost. TCA step the cost based on three constituents including: direct stuff, direct labor, and overhead but in ABC system, cost of merchandises included activities. Another difference related to manner for delegating overhead cost to merchandise. ABC provides more elaborate trailing and differential assignment of overhead costs, creates more costs pools, and provides more accurate merchandise costs. Krumwiede ( 1998b ) defined activity-based costing ( ABC ) as a bing methodological analysis that allocates costs to single activities based on more than one cost allocated base. Spedding and Sun ( 1999 ) believed that the ABC method of accounting involves the dislocation of a system into single activities and costing of sum of clip and resources spent on each activity in the industry of merchandise. The careful reader of literature text is likely to be amazed to observe how the basic techniques of activity-based costing system have been with us as long clip as those of traditional costing method. Johnson and Kaplan ( 1987 ) found that technique similar to what is known as ABC around 1925 introduced. Harmonizing to Kiani and Sangeladji, ( 2003 ) Activity Accounting was foremost introduced and used in 1940s and the construct, with some alterations, has been presented in literature as Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) . Evidence showed similar methodological analysis introduced by research workers before 1980s but in early 1980s articles began to look in the literature foregrounding the concerns with inaccurate merchandise costs ensuing from traditional merchandise bing systems. It seems execution of activity-based costing was impracticable before the visual aspect of modern computing machine engineering and package. However, altering the sort of merchandises from simple to variet y merchandise, the market from local market to planetary market, and procedures of production from simple procedure to complexness procedure were other of import grounds that increased the value of accurate cost information and utilizing ABC. It means the complexness requires more organisational activities and each activity has different cost allotments which the TAC system failed to analyse them. Activity besed costing as a cost accounting system has ain direction accounting named activity-based direction ( ABC ) . Some research workers named both together activity-based cost/management ( ABCM ) as a whole system. More late, Askarany et al. , ( 2007 ) identified activity-based cost/management ( ABCM ) as one of the chief cost and direction accounting inventions. Meanwhile, Abernethy and Bouwens, ( 2005 ) defined direction accounting systems ( MAS ) inventions as a either new systems or the redesign of an bing system. Activity based costing in this survey is referred to as an invention and considered to ABC as an administrative invention ( in comparison to proficient invention ) . However, the current survey follow the theory that used by the most of ABC acceptance research, which has named the theory of organisational acceptance of invention or invention diffusion theory. This theory is a widely accepted theoretical footing for analyzing ABC execution ( Anderson, 1995 ; Innes and Mitchell, 1995 ; Gosselin, 1997 ; Innes et al. , 2000 ; Joshi, 2001 ; Brown et al. , 2004 ; Pierce, 2004 ; Cohen et al. , 2005 ; Maelah and Nasir Ibrahim, 2006 ; Al-Omir and Drury, 2007 ; Askarany et al. , 2007 ) . ABC is a new type of cost accounting system and it is one of the chief cost and direction accounting inventions system in the 20th century ( Shields, 1995 ; Anderson, 1995 ; Gosselin, 1997 ; Askarany et al. , 2007 ) . Bjornenak ( 1997 ) believed that one of the most of import modern-day accounting inventions is activity-based bing. One of the aims of the advanced direction accounting systems is to help directors to implement their companies strategic precedences. All of the MAS inventions in directed at bettering apprehension of the profitableness of merchandises and heightening procedures to better net incomes. Alternatively of utilizing a individual footing to delegate costs to merchandises, ABC allocates costs to activities and so to merchandises based on how the merchandise consumed the resources ( costs ) . Changing the methods of cost allocating and tracing by utilizing ABC provides a clearer describe of cost of procedures and shows the profitableness of clients and merchandises. Since the outgrowth of activity-based costing ( ABC ) , it has received a great trade of attending as a cost direction invention which provides more accurate merchandise costs information than traditional cost system ( e.g. Drucker, 1995 ; Turney and Stratton, 1992: Krumwiede, 1998b ) . Kiani A ; Sangeladjiai ( 2003 ) believed that neer in the accounting history has an thought such as activity-based costing moved so rapidly from construct to execution. The increased involvement in ABC is good documented in the literature. In the line of betterment of ABC and towards reconstructing the rule of causality, new coevalss of ABC introduced by research workers named time-driven ABC system ( TDABC ) , and performance-focused ABC system ( PFABC ) and it seems its betterment will go on ( Merwe, 2009 ; Namazi, 2009 ) . Attewell ( 1992 ) observed that most statistical surveies on inventions have used two distinguishable positions for analysis: acceptance and extract. But this survey effort utilizing one more distinguishable position for analysis: execution phases. Adoption surveies utilizing the acceptance position evaluate the features of an organisation that make it receptive to invention and alteration. Infusion surveies utilizing the extract position effort to understand why and how an invention spreads and what features of the invention lead to credence. Implementation stages surveies investigate which conceptual factors affected companies to travel to higher phase of ABC execution procedure. The similar fun ctional between cost direction inventions acceptance was proposed by several research workers. On the other manus, Iran economic is badly disrupted to boot by old ages of upheaval and uncertainness surrounds the economical activities. These conditions were started by the war with Iraq. After the war with Iraq ended, the state of affairs began to better but because of Iran have non abandon its atomic plan, USA and European Countries still enforces the boycott and trade stoppage on Iran. And besides from 2006 to 2008 the international community passed four declarations apposite Iran. Number of research workers found grounds that rising prices leads to higher uncertainness in Iran ( Samimi and Motameni, 2009 ; Heidari and Bashiri, 2009 ) . In add-on the relationship between perceived environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) and the acceptance, extract and execution phases of ABC have non tested in one clip. In this status this survey attempts to make full this spread by look intoing the consequence of high value of PEU in Iran on ABC acceptance, extract and execution phases and beside s expected the sensed environmental uncertainness drama of import function in these three distinct positions of utilizing ABC system. This thesis predicts and trials that how certain contextual factors influence execution phases, acceptance, and extract activity-based costing ( ABC ) among the Persian fabrication houses. Meanwhile, this thesis investigates the effects of utilizing activity-based costing ( ABC ) on fiscal and non fiscal public presentation in the houses. 1.1. Problem Statement The study researches on ABC surveies highlight that utilizing ABC may show huge benefits. For illustration some research workers indicated that utilizing ABC demonstrated benefits as follow: more able to mensurate cost accurately, better apprehension of merchandise costing, and develop public presentation measurings ( e.g. Kiani and Sangeladjiai, 2003 ; Khalid, 2005 ) , better understanding for cost decrease chances, improves managerial determination, proviso of better cost control, and higher degrees of satisfaction with their organisations bing system ( e.g. Moll, 2005 ; Brent, 1992 ) , bettering the truth of cost measured for different merchandises and services by more accurately delegating direct cost, utility of cost information for determination ( e.g. Clausen, 2002 ; Cooper and Kaplan, 1992 ) , supplying a dependable indicant of long-term variable merchandise cost which is peculiarly relevant to, managerial determination devising at a strategic degree ( e.g. Sohal and Chung, 1 998 ) .The concern can be turned to whether utilizing ABC addition organisational public presentation. However, bing literature shows despite the claim benefits of utilizing activity-based costing ; the degree of execution of this system is still lower than traditional one. Gosselin ( 1997 ) describes this fact as ABC paradox . He asserted it seems a spread exists between great involvement of direction comptrollers for utilizing ABC and the figure of organisations that really implemented it. In Iran for illustration Tabrizi ( 1999 ) surveyed CFOs of 290 fabrication houses and found that a few Persian makers adopted ABC to cipher merchandise costs. For work outing ABC paradox and filling such spread the extant literature tested many factors that influenced the acceptance of ABC ( e.g. Gosselin, 1997 ; Innes et al. , 2000 ; Cohen at al. , 2005 ) . Therefore, this survey purpose to analyze the impact of sensed environmental uncertainness with other certain contextual factors on execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC among the Persian houses and besides to prove the consequence of utilizing ABC on organisational public presentation, because no other survey demonstrated these observations from the extant literature. 1.2. Research inquiries 1.2.1. General research inquiries Today, companies face to the intense competitory market. In this environment, every company attempts to use accurate cost information. The extant literature emphasizes that utilizing ABC may show huge benefits ( e.g. ABC may better the truth of cost measuring and supply utile cost information ) .The chief intent of current survey is to analyze the relationships between certain contextual factors and execution ABC system and besides the consequence of utilizing ABC on house public presentation. More by and large, the research inquiry may be stated in the undermentioned mode: what factors do find the execution ABC system by Persian fabrication houses? Is steadfast public presentation influenced by utilizing ABC system? General research inquiries are ; 1 ) What factors determine the execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC by Persian fabrication houses? 2 ) Do the acceptance and extract ABC better house s fiscal and non fiscal public presentation? Do the Persian houses that are in higher execution phases of ABC have greater degrees of fiscal and non fiscal public presentation than lower phases? 1.2.2. Specific research inquiries Informing work in the country of ABC by current thought in invention diffusion theory, and allied literature watercourses, a theoretical theoretical account for execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC among the Persian houses is developed to reply the undermentioned research inquiries: 1 ) What are the certain contextual factors that affect the execution phases of ABC system in Persian fabrication houses? 2 ) Is the grade of importance for each ABC acceptance factors measure uping by ABC execution phases? 3 ) Do the Persian fabrication houses that are in higher ABC execution phases of ABC have greater degrees of fiscal and non fiscal public presentation than houses in lower phases? 4 ) What are the certain contextual factors that affect the acceptance of ABC system in Persian fabrication houses? 5 ) Is there any betterment in degree of organisational public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) for Persian fabrication houses that adopted ABC, comparison with non-adopters companies? 6 ) For Persian fabrication houses that have adopted ABC, is extract of ABC system consequence by same contextual factors in the ABC acceptance and other certain organisational factors? 7 ) For Persian fabrication houses that have adopted ABC, is at that place any betterment in degree of organisational public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) for infuser, comparison with non infuser companies? 1.3. Research aim 1.3.1 General research aims Most particularly, the intent of this survey is to prove the relationships between certain contextual factors and ABC acceptance and besides examined the consequence of utilizing ABC on house public presentation. The general intents of this survey are: 1 ) To look into whether the execution phases and acceptance ABC for Persian fabrication houses are related to contextual factors: degree of competition, degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, concern scheme, and house size, and besides to look into whether for these houses, the extract ABC related to this contextual factors and two add-on factors: top direction support and preparation in Persian fabrication houses. 2 ) To look into whether the acceptance and extract ABC better Persian fabrication houses public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) and besides to look into whether these houses that are in higher execution phases of ABC have greater degrees of public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) than houses in lower ABC execution phases. 1.3.2. Specific research aims 1 ) To look into whether ABC execution phases for Persian fabrication houses are related to contextual factors: degree of competition, degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, concern scheme, and house size. 2 ) To look into whether the grade of importance for each above contextual factors are measure uping by ABC execution phases. 3 ) To look into the different grade of Persian fabrication houses public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) in each ABC execution phases. 4 ) To look into whether ABC acceptance for Persian fabrication houses is related to contextual factors: degree of competition, degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, concern scheme and house size. 5 ) To look into differences in degree of organisational public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) between ABC adoptive parents Persian fabrication houses and non-adopters houses. 6 ) To look into whether for Persian fabrication houses those have adopted ABC, extract ABC is effected by contextual factors: degree of competition, degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, concern scheme, house size, top direction support, and preparation. 7 ) For Persian fabrication houses that have adopted ABC, to look into differences in degree of organisational public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) between ABC infusers and non infusers houses. Table 1.1 shows the relationship between research inquiries and aims Expected parts This survey attempts to hold both academicals and theoretical parts. At the degree of theory, the primary relevancy lies in its scrutiny in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC 1.4.1. Contributions to academic The current survey efforts to lend to the theoretical organic structure of cognition in Fieldss of cost accounting, public presentation measuring systems, strategic direction, every bit good as direction accounting invention systems with theoretical deductions. The determination may explicate some facets of organisational alteration theory by turn toing groundss in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. There are expected some parts to academic research in execution phases, acceptance, and extract of activity-based costing ( ABC ) . The first part is on bettering a conceptual model covering the issues of sensed environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) . The survey will lend to academic research with its conceptualisation of PEU and investigate influences of PEU on execution phases, acceptance, and extract of activity-based costing ( ABC ) as a most of import determiner for making to acceptance and extract of ABC. The potency for direction accoun ting literature ( MAS ) to inform ABC execution research is highlighted by this survey. Furthermore, the survey contributes to the strategic direction literature with supplying groundss refering the designation and measuring of Miles and Snow s scheme typology. Following, this survey contributes to the literature sing utilizing multidimensional public presentation steps and proving relationship between ABC acceptance, extract, and execution phases and houses fiscal and non fiscal public presentation. Finally, this survey contributes to the literature refering investigate combination consequence of certain contextual factors: degree of competition, degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, concern scheme, and house on ABC acceptance, extract, and execution phases. 1.4.2. Contributions to patterns This survey attempts to lend to ABC system designs and use, concern scheme use, and organisational public presentation status. Sing the ABC system designs, focal point on factors that influence ABC acceptance and extract will supply utile consequences for Persian houses who are interested for using ABC. Based on the determination of this survey, organisations in high rate of positive features are the good campaigners for using ABC. The determination may do these companies become involved in ABC system for bettering their cost accounting systems. Furthermore, Persian houses who are interested for using ABC may acquire guidelines by commanding the factors which ABC acceptance is related to them. In the regard of concern scheme use, this survey tries to happen groundss for function of concern scheme in the design, and utilize ABC system. This survey investigates the grade to which houses emphasize each of the concern scheme types proposed by Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) and look into the relationship of their scheme with execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. Organizations with specific concern scheme may demo as the good campaigners for using ABC. Therefore the consequence may do these companies involve to ABC as good tool for increasing the value of their cost accounting methods. Furthermore, this survey attempts to happen the function of following and inculcating ABC system in bettering both fiscal and non fiscal organisational public presentation. The consequence of this survey identified clear image of organisational public presentation with and without utilizing ABC, therefore the houses may actuate to using ABC to understand utilizing this system may better their organisational public presentation. 1.5. Scope of survey The research range emphasizes fabricating houses in Iran. Initial stages of the survey focal point on cost accounting systems and particularly on activity-based costing as a new cost accounting system. Fabrication houses are chosen because they by and large use a cost accounting system, traditional or a new theoretical account. Furthermore, from assorted industries fabricating have to utilize cost accounting system for fiscal coverage. This survey focused of factors that may act upon implementing ABC as a one of the most of import cost accounting invention. It seems manufacturing houses are matching for proving degree of diverseness and degree of competition that this survey effort. Some research surveies concentrate on both fabrication and services sectors. In this survey the operating expense cost assumes as an independent variable and these houses should put a greater concern for operating expense cost. Beside, fabricating sectors in Iran is turning and plays a dominant function in the Iran economic system by being one of the largest sectors. Since the survey besides attempt to happen the influence of sensed environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) on the extent to which a house uses ABC systems, fabricating industry is appropriate because in this houses, PEU in many ways originate such as capriciousness in supply their row stuff and constituents. Definition of Research Variables Fourteen variables are used in this survey. Table 1.2 presents the relationship between these variables to research aims, research hypotheses and besides their relate inquiries in the questionnaire. These 14 variables are defined based on other research worker definitions that instrument for mensurating the variables is barrowed from them. Definitions of these variables are as follow: 1.6.1. Degree of information engineering quality Harmonizing to Krumwiede ( 1998b ) degree of information engineering quality is defined as the degree of quality of go outing information engineering system in the company. The measurement dimensions for IT quality include the handiness of information, user friendliness of the information system, handiness of elaborate information in the assortment of cost informations, and seasonableness of the information provided by the system. 1.6.2. Degree of merchandise diverseness Degree of merchandise diverseness is defined harmonizing to Khalid ( 2005 ) . He defined degree of merchandise diverseness as the assortment of volume of merchandises. Degree of merchandise diverseness was measured based on figure of merchandises that produce in the fabrication houses. 1.6.3. Degree of operating expense Chen ( 1996 ) explained that operating expense costs are usually caused by certification, depreciation, technology care, rework, review and fix. Degree of operating expense used was defined on Krumwiede ( 1998b ) . She defined grade of operating expense as a proration in cost of merchandises. The measuring was involved with the computation of house s cost construction and mensural constituents of cost included direct stuff cost, direct labour cost, and overhead cost. Then per centum of overhead applied as a degree of overhead cost. 1.6.4 Perceived environmental uncertainness This sturdy defined sensed environmental uncertainness harmonizing to Jusoh ( 2008 ) . She focused on respondents perceptual experiences on the predictability of seven facets. She measured mean of these facets and served as the overall sensed environmental uncertainness mark for a house. These waies included house s providers, rivals, clients, financial/capital markets, authorities regulative, labour brotherhoods, and economic sciences politics/technology. 1.6.5. Degree of competition Degree of competitory related to the position of competition that a house faces in a peculiar industry. Ramaswamy ( 2001 ) defined the degree of competition as the figure of houses in a peculiar sector and the market portion of each rival. In this survey based on Cohen et al. , ( 2005 ) , a individual point index was used for measuring of degree of competition. Level of competition was assessed utilizing figure of rivals in the same industry. 1.6.6. Business scheme This survey examined the grade to which houses emphasize each of the concern scheme types proposed by Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) : prospector, analyser, guardian, and reactor. The cardinal difference among these types is the rate of alteration in the organisational sphere. Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) defined these types of concern scheme as a follow: Prospectors are characterized by their dynamism in seeking market chances. They are normally pioneers that create alteration in their several industries. In contrast, guardians have a scheme which is the polar antonym from prospectors. They operate within a narrow product-market sphere characterized by high production volume and low merchandise diverseness. Analyzers stand between these two scheme types: prospectors and guardians and properties of both scheme. Finally, the companies that are reactors do non follow a witting scheme. Business scheme is measured sing Jusoh and Parnell ( 2008 ) . Business scheme is operated by taking the mean mark across the 12 points categorized in four strategic types. Then for each house the grade of the mean value which classified into four strategic types was comparison. The highest value indicated which the house emphasizes a given scheme. This instrument measured four strategic types as proposed by Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) . 1.6.7. Firm size Harmonizing to Krumwiede ( 1998b ) the house size defined and see as a independent variable. She defined size of company based on one-year sum of sale gross. 1.6.8. Top direction support Top direction support is defined harmonizing to Maelah and Nasir Ibrahim ( 2007 ) . They defined top direction support as a degree of top direction support for following and implementing ABC system. In current survey, top of direction support was related merely to ABC adoptive parents, and this variable was considered in ABC extract analysis. Top direction support measured based on the grade of understanding about six statements sing top of direction support in the company. 1.6.9. Training Training is defined as a degree of ABC preparation provided in the phases of ABC execution ( Krumwiede, 1998b ) . Training reflects the degree of developing involved in the design, implement, and usage of ABC. The definition sing degree of preparation is adopted from Krumwiede ( 1998b ) . Degree of preparation was related to ABC adoptive parents houses merely, and this variable was considered in Infusion analysis. The measuring included three stages and these three preparation stages are sing degree of preparation provided in the company in the design, implement, and usage of ABC. 1.6.10 Activity-based costing ( ABC ) acceptance Bjornenak ( 1997 ) asserted definition of acceptance is really of import and different definitions determined the different figure of adoptive parents in a survey. This survey defines the acceptance of ABC harmonizing to Krumwiede A ; Suessmair ( 2005 ) . They defined adopter houses as houses that have implemented ABC, are presently implementing it or program to make so. In the theoretical account presume complete implementing ABC is happened in seven phases. Hence, this survey the acceptance rate includes a figure of houses that meet last four phases. The acceptance variable is ZERO for houses in phases 1 through 3 and ONE for houses in phases 4 through 7. 1.7.11 Activity-based costing ( ABC ) extract Based on Krumwiede A ; Suessmair ( 2005 ) the extract of ABC defined as the phase when ABC information is used outside the accounting section for determination devising. For mensurating extract of ABC merely ABC adoptive parents houses are included in the sample ( houses at phase 4 or supra ) . From four acceptance phases, houses were labeled as the infusers if fitting phase seven. The Infusion variable is ZERO for houses in phases 4 through 6 and ONE for houses in phases 7. 1.6.12 Activity-based costing ( ABC ) execution phases This survey defines the execution phases of ABC harmonizing to Krumwiede A ; Suessmair ( 2005 ) theoretical account. Based on this theoretical account, execution of ABC is completed in seven phases. Krumwiede A ; Suessmair ( 2005 ) believed that the phase differentiations are non every bit clear-cut as suggested by any other execution theoretical account. 1.6.13. Fiscal public presentation Moll ( 2005 ) defined fiscal public presentation as the value of a house s public presentation in fiscal facet. This survey applies multidimensional public presentation steps for mensurating it. Fiscal public presentation defines as a grade of six index including: return on investing ( ROI ) , gross revenues volume, hard currency flow, market portion, cost and cost reduction. 1.6.14. Non fiscal public presentation This survey defined non fiscal public presentation as the value of a house s public presentation in non fiscal facet. This survey applies multidimensional public presentation steps for mensurating it. Non fiscal public presentation defines as a grade of 10 index including: on clip bringing, client and rival monitoring, new product/service debut, clip to treat activities, client and employee satisfaction, productiveness of labor, profile with the community, and quality of merchandises. Sing the measuring of both flat fiscal and non fiscal public presentation, the value for the public presentation importance and the value for the public presentation accomplishment are measured. Then a leaden mean fiscal and non fiscal public presentation index was obtained for each house. This allows for the creative activity of a public presentation index that may acknowledge the differing organisational public presentation of companies. 1.7 Overview of the thesis The undermentioned thesis is structured in to six chapters as follows: Chapter one: Introduction Chapter one presents an overview of the research. In this chapter the background of the survey is described and item of research job, nonsubjective and research inquiries are presented. It besides describes range of survey and expected parts. Furthermore definitions of research variables for this survey are presented. Chapter two: Literature reappraisal Chapter two is started with a brief description of bing literature associating to ABC and other cost accounting invention systems. In this chapter, research on ABC categorize into three chief classs including: theoretical surveies, instance surveies, statistical surveies and relevant literature nowadays in this three classs. Cost accounting system literature is presented and links between ABC as an invention system and activity-based direction ( ABM ) , activity-based budgeting ( ABB ) are reviewed. Furthermore the ABC research on contextual factors that expected relevant to execution of ABC ( research variables for this survey ) is presented. Chapter three: Theoretical model and hypotheses development Chapter three begins with a brief description of organisational acceptance of invention or invention diffusion theory which is followed by this survey. This chapter besides provides the theoretical model of the survey, which is on the consequence of certain contextual factors on ABC acceptance, extract, and execution phases. Furthermore, hypotheses development and a reappraisal of literature supports and justifications for each hypothesis are presented. Chapter four: Methodology Chapter four inside informations the research design, including the Per-test questionnaire, procedure of trying choice and study building. This chapter besides explores the questionnaire design including maximise the study response rates methods and interlingual rendition of the questionnaire. Furthermore, variable measuring, informations analysis techniques of this survey and the theoretical accounts for proving hypothesis are outlined. Chapter Five: Consequence Chapter five explores the consequences of the research undertaken. In this chapter, consequences from the information analyses are presented and hypotheses were tested utilizing logit trial, independent sample t-test and ANOVA. This chapter describes the response rate, non-response prejudice, cogency, dependability, and descriptive analysis. This chapter besides provides the study consequences of proving the relationships between contextual variables and execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC, every bit good as the relationship between the latter with organisational public presentation. In add-on, in the last portion hypotheses are tested in the theoretical accounts. Chapter six: Discussion and decision A treatment of the consequences is provided in chapter six, every bit good as a treatment to which happening reported in the chapter five are able to supply replies to the research inquiries and success the research objectives set out at the beginning of the research. The determination of this survey discuss in three major contextual facAÂ ­tors: environmental factors, technological factors, and organisational factors that related to three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. This chapter besides provides a treatment on relationship between execution phases, acceptance, extract of ABC and organisational public presentation. Furthermore, the both theoretical and practical deductions and the survey s possible restriction are presented. For get the better ofing such restrictions, several suggestions for future research are presented and eventually the overall determination of this survey is highlighted.